Biceps Tendon Rupture With Post-operative Complications

Biceps Tendon Rupture With Post-operative Complications Locomotor PBL Experiment Writeup Introduction In this PBL, we observe a case of biceps tendon rupture with post-operative complication of heterotopic ossification. We will first go through the anatomy of the upper limb followed by a discussion of the ruptured biceps tendon, heterotopic ossification and finally mode of action of indomethacin. Learning Objectives 1. Osteology of the upper limb with emphasis on the elbow and wrist 2. The neurovascular supply to the upper limb 3. Movements possible at joints of upper limb and the range of movements possible with regards to the elbow and wrist and the muscles that bring about these actions. 4. Rupture of distal biceps tendon 5. Heterotopic ossification 6. Mode of action of Indomethacin 1. Osteology of the upper limb with emphasis on the elbow and wrist Arm The humerus is the largest and longest bone of the arm region connecting the shoulder to the forearm. Proximally, the head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula forming the glenohumeral joint. Distally the humerus articulates with the two bones of the forearm, the ulna and radius. The humerus is shown in more detail in figure 1 below. Figure 1 Humerus (1) For Anil’s case we will focus several prominent features on the distal region of the humerus which forms part of the elbow. There are two projections on either side of the distal end of the humerus which are the medial and lateral epicondyle. The medial epicondyle protects the ulnar nerve which passes just posteriorly and also serves as the attachment site for the forearm superficial flexor muscles. The lateral epicondyle conversely is the attachment site for the forearm extensor muscles. Anteriorly in between these two epicondyles are two articular surfaces: the round surfaced lateral capitulum which articulates with the radius and the spool shaped medial trochlea which articulates with the ulna. Also anteriorly, the radial fossa directly above the capitulum accommodates the head of the radius during flexion of the elbow whereas the coronoid fossa directly above the trochlea accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion of the elbow. Both the radial and coronoi d fossa limit flexion of the elbow. Posteriorly, the olecranon fossa accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna during extension of the elbow. The olecranon fossa prevents hyperextension of the elbow. Forearm The forearm is made up of two bones: ulna and radius. Proximally both of these bones articulate with the humerus whereas distally only the radius directly articulates with the carpals of the wrist thus connecting the arm to the wrist. The ulna and radius are shown in figure 2 below. Figure 2 Radius and Ulna (1) The ulna The ulna is the stabilizing bone of the forearm and is medial and longer of the two bones. There is a projection anteriorly at the proximal end called the coronoid process which fits into the coronoid fossa during elbow extension. Posteriorly on the proximal end of the ulna is the olecranon process (which forms the prominence of the elbow) which fits into the olecranon fossa during elbow extension. The articular surface between the olecranon and the coronoid articulates with the trochlear of the humerus and gives the movements of elbow extension and flexion. The radius The radius is the lateral and shorter of the two bones. The head of the radius is a flat button shaped process that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. The neck of the radius is a constriction just distal to the head which Anil has fractured. Due to the fact that no neurovascular problems were found, it is safe to conclude that the deep branch of the radial nerve was not damaged in this case. The radial tuberosity is distal to the neck on the anterior site which is the attachment point for the tendon of biceps. Wrist The ulna does not directly articulate with the carpal bones of the wrist distally. There is an articular disc between the smaller distal head of the ulna and the carpal bones. The radius directly articulates with the scaphoid and lunate carpal bones on its larger distal end. This is shown in figure 3 below. Figure 3 Wrist joint (1) 2 The neurovascular supply of the upper limb Arterial supply The upper limb is supplied by the subclavian artery which branches off from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right and aortic arch on the left. The subclavian artery extends from its origin to the lateral border of the first rib. It then changes its name to the axillary artery which extends to the lateral border of teres major after which it becomes the brachial artery. The brachial artery extends to the cubital fossa of the elbow where it bifurcates into the radial and ulnar artery which run down the lateral and medial side of the forearm respectively. These two arteries anastomose in the palm of the hand forming the superficial (mainly supplied by ulnar artery) and deep (mainly supplied by radial artery) palmar arches. The fingers are supplied by the digital arteries branching from the palmar arches. The arterial supply is illustrated in figure 4 below. Figure 4 Arterial supply of upper limb (2) Venous supply There are two main types of veins in the upper limb. Firstly, superficial veins which can be seen subcutaneously. There are three main superficial veins which are the cephalic (laterally), basilic (medially) and median cubital (connection between cephalic and basilica at the cubital fossa) veins. The superficial veins are shown in figure 5 below. Figure 5 Venous supply to upper limb (3) Secondly, there are deep veins which usually accompanies the arteries in pairs and have the same name as the arteries. Perforating veins connect the superficial and deep veins to allow blood to always find a way back to the heart. All the veins eventually drains into the axillary vein, then to the subclavian vein, then brachiocephalic vein and finally into the heart via superior vena cava. Nervous supply The brachial plexus serves as the nerve supply for the upper limb arising from spinal nerve roots from C5, 6, 7, 8 and T1. There are 5 terminal branches of the brachial plexus in the arm. Table 1 below shows the five terminal nerves with their corresponding roots, motor supply, sensory supply and clinical test. Table 1 Nerves, corresponding roots, motor supply, sensory supply and clinical test (4) 3 Movements possible at joints of upper limb and the range of movements possible with regards to the elbow and wrist and the muscles that bring about these actions. The elbow consists of three joints: the humeroulnar joint from the trochlear notch of the ulnar to trochlear of humerus, the humeroradial joint from the head of the radius to the capitulum of humerus and the superior radioulnar joint from the head of the radius to the radial notch of the ulna. The humeroulnar and humeroradial joints allow for flexion and extension of the elbow whereas the superior radioulnar joint allows for pronation and supination. This happens when the head of the radius which is enclosed in annular ligament crosses over the fixed ulna bone. The muscles that move the elbow are shown in table 2 below: Table 2 Main muscles of elbow (5) Movements and ranges for the elbow and wrist are shown in table 3 below: Table 3 Movements and ranges for elbow and wrist (6) 4 Rupture of distal biceps tendon Symptoms Symptoms include swelling in the front of the elbow, severe pain at the elbow and a bulge in the upper arm because of the shortened biceps brachii muscle. Since Anil shows no biceps tendon reflex upon assessment, this is likely to be a complete rupture of the tendon. Cause In this case, Anil is diagnosed to have ruptured his distal biceps tendon which attaches to the radial tuberosity. Distal biceps tendon rupture tends to be caused by a single traumatic event involving flexion of the elbow at a right angle against resistance. For Anil, the snapping of the rope caused his elbow to straighten suddenly. His biceps contracted extra hard to prevent this from happening but the extreme tension in his biceps and tendon led to the rupture of the distal biceps tendon. Treatment Since Anil is still relatively young at 38 years old and still needs full use of his upper limb, the surgical treatment option is most preferred. Sometimes the tendon is attached by stitching through holes made in the bone. However the surgery for Anil was done by attaching the tendon to the bone using a small metal plate and screws into the radius to secure the plate usually called the endobutton technique (7, 8) which has a very good prognosis of regaining full mobility in the elbow. Complications Complications after the surgery include nerve damage and heterotopic ossification. After eight weeks Anil returned with stiffness, difficulty in turning his hand over and wrist pain which the doctor diagnosed as heterotopic ossification after palpation of a firm mass along the biceps tendon. Direct intervention was not taken as the biceps tendon needed time to fully heal. 5 Heterotopic ossification Heterotopic ossification is the growth of bone in abnormal places such as soft tissue. Heterotopic ossification is a notable complication of distal biceps tendon repair. The current proposed pathogenesis of how heterotopic ossification arises is the transformation of pluripotential mesenchymal cells which are recruited to the fracture healing site into osteoblasts that results in ectopic bone formation. (9) Bone, tendons and ligaments which are all connective tissue all share the same mesenchymal stem cell origin (shown in figure 6) and thus mesenchymal stem cells recruited to promote tendon repair can differentiate into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts can also be pulled out of the bone when the tendon ruptures and therefore can lead to bone deposition. Hence great attention has been given to cleaning and irrigating the surgical zone. (10) Figure 6 Mesenchymal stem cells differentiation (11) The heterotopic ossification at the biceps tendon led to Anil having reduced supination to just 20Â ° due to the biceps being the main supinator muscle. After twenty weeks, the heterotopic ossification was surgically removed. Radiation therapy has been an established supplement in treatment of heterotopic ossification. (10, 12, 13) The mechanism of how radiation therapy works is still unclear but is thought to inhibit pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells from differentiating. (14) However, even though radiation therapy is effective, there has been concerns about malignancy from the radiation. Low doses ( 6 Mode of action of Indomethacin Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as Indomethacin are also commonly used to supplement surgical excision of heterotopic ossifications. (10, 13) Indomethacin non-selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX1 and COX 2) which are involved in the production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. During the healing of a fracture, mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes which is independent of COX-2. COX-2 then produces prostaglandins which cause the chondrocytes to hypertrophy. These hypertrophic cells secrete growth factors which cause angiogenesis, osteoclast recruitment, osteogenesis and fracture bridging which leads to bone deposition shown in figure 7 below. However NSAIDs have to be carefully prescribed especially with patients who have reflux diseases as NSAIDs can lead to ulcer formation. (19) Figure 7 Formation of bone via COX-2 and prostaglandins (20) In conclusion, more research has to be done into the pathophysiology of heterotopic ossification as well as selective drugs that only inhibit COX-2 so that NSAIDs can be safely prescribed even for patients who have reflux diseases. Bibliography 1.N. Marieb E, Hoehn K. Human Anatomy and Physiology. 9th ed: Pearson Education Inc; 2013. 2.Quizlet. BIO 1600 Chapter 13 2015 [cited 2015 16 February]. Available from: http://quizlet.com/16204351/bio-1600-chapter-13-flash-cards/. 3.TeachMeAnatomy. Venous Drainage of the Upper Limb 2015 [cited 2015 16 February]. Available from: http://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/vasculature/veins/. 4.Wong You Jing J. Nerves, corresponding roots, motor supply, sensory supply and clinical test2015. 5.Wong You Jing J. Main muscles of elbow. 2015. 6.Wong You Jing J. Movements and ranges for the elbow and wrist2015. 7.Bain GI, Prem H, Heptinstall RJ, Verhellen R, Paix D. Repair of distal biceps tendon rupture: a new technique using the Endobutton. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2000;9(2):120-6. 8.Greenberg JA, Fernandez JJ, Wang T, Turner C. EndoButton-assisted repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2003;12(5):484-90. 9.H. Hastings II, Grahamn TJ. The classification and treatment of heterotopic ossification about the elbow and forearm. Hand Clinics. 1994;10(3):417-37. 10.Ellerin BE, Helfet D, Parikh S, Hotchkiss RN, Levin N, Nisce L, et al. Current therapy in the management of heterotopic ossification of the elbow: a review with case studies. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;78(3):259-71. 11.Serotec A. Mesenchymal Stem Cell 2015 [cited 2015 16 February]. Available from: http://www.abdserotec.com/mesencyhmal-stem-cell-antibodies.html. 12.McAuliffe JA, Wolfson AH. Early excision of heterotopic ossification about the elbow followed by radiation therapy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79(5):749-55. 13.Viola RW, Hastings H, 2nd. Treatment of ectopic ossification about the elbow. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000(370):65-86. 14.Ayers DC, Pellegrini VD, Jr., Evarts CM. Prevention of heterotopic ossification in high-risk patients by radiation therapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1991(263):87-93. 15.Brady LW. Radiation-induced sarcomas of bone. Skeletal Radiol. 1979;4(2):72-8. 16.Kim JH, Chu FC, Woodard HQ, Melamed MR, Huvos A, Cantin J. Radiation-induced soft-tissue and bone sarcoma. Radiology. 1978;129(2):501-8. 17.Heyd R, Strassmann G, Schopohl B, Zamboglou N. Radiation therapy for the prevention of heterotopic ossification at the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(3):332-4. 18.Poggi MM, Thomas BE, Johnstone PA. Excision and radiotherapy for heterotopic ossification of the elbow. Orthopedics. 1999;22(11):1059-61. 19.Wallace JL. Prostaglandins, NSAIDs, and gastric mucosal protection: why doesnt the stomach digest itself? Physiol Rev. 2008;88(4):1547-65. 20.Robson L. Bone formation from Mesenchymal stem cells. 2015. 1

Netflix case study Essay

Netflix offers online video streaming and DVD rental services for a flat fee to all subscribers. After Reed Hastings, the CEO of Netflix had announced the company’s new strategy of separating its online service and DVD rental services into two accounts for its subscribers, the company’s stock fell to $63 per share from $300 per share and lost 805,000 subscribers in three month. Although facing so many challenges, Reed Hastings choose to continue his new strategies, but with a sincerely apologize for the change and a detailed explanation of why they made this decision and what’s in it for current subscribers. Stock price of Netflix close on yesterday was 312.40. Problems and challenges Although it seems that Netflix has recovered from the separation strategy, but there still are some problems and challenges are waiting for the company. First of all, Netflix online streaming branch is facing fierce competition from companies like Amazon instant video, YouTube, iTunes store, and Hulu. Second, On-demand TV offering are now hot area, many big-pay TV operator such as Verizon and Comcast Corp are trying to bring on-demand TV to cable users which will offer fresher content than online streaming companies like Netflix. Third of all, The DVD rental branch called Qwikster are now competing with companies like Amazon and Redbox DVD rental. From what we can see in the future, DVD service may finally run out of business and how to minimize the damage to Netflix is a big problem waiting for a solution. SWOT Strength Netflix is offering a flat fee policy, which is cheaper than Amazon and iTunes users and is easier to retain current users. A very distinctive strength Netflix have is that Netflix is also a producer. In this year’s Emmy Awards, Netflix Inc’s groundbreaking political thriller House of Cards took home an award for directing. As its name shows in Emmy, Netflix may win not only an award, but many potential users. Many people may position Netflix as a company provides high quality shows than other video distributors. Weakness Although the stock price has gone up this year and everyone now thinks Reed Hastings is the one sees the future, the remaining problem is how to survive with a $7.99 monthly flat fee for subscribers and at the same time spending more than $5 billion for the next five years to purchase TV shows and Movie License. Customers always wants more and pay less. Huge amount of spending force Netflix to attract new users in a rapid speed, but attract new users itself will be another big spending. Although the original drama â€Å"house of cards† generated a big buzz for Netflix, but the cost is considerable. Opportunities New technologies bring opportunities to online streaming video companies. Netflix has mobile app for both Android and ios system and it works well. People want to access to on-demand videos more convenient by using mobile phone and tablets. The trend of globalization gives Netflix the opportunity to grow itself. The fourth quarter of 2012, Netflix gained 3 million new global subscribers. Threat Competition from Amazon, iTunes, Hulu, Google TV, and cable networks may pose threat to the company. BRAD BEALE, Director of digital video content acquisition of Amazon is known for its ability of picking up successful shows and get the license earlier than other companies. Hulu also spend a lot on bringing new contents in. Although Netflix is cheaper, Amazon offers free instant vedio to prime membership and two-day free shipping for its customers. Also, Amazon, Apple and Google now all offer their own devices for video streaming, such as Apple TV, Kindle Fire. Questions Q.1. A strong consumer backlash emerged in response to major changes in Netflix’s business model. What are some of the arguments in favor of Hasting’ decision to split the company? What decisions and options are available to Hastings? Were they good decisions? 2- 3 paragraphs Many believe DVD rental business is fading because of new technologies. People no longer want to wait for the DVD to arrive. Instead they want on-demand video services. Slip the company bring price lower for stream only customers and it is fair for them to pay for cheaper price. Put in account information is easier and benefit is longer. Hastings can choose to change the company back to the old model by listening to customers and close the DVD service a couple years later when the DVD rental industry lost all the business. I think its good decisions because the financial information shows that Reed Hastings made the good decision and wins the game. The revenue grow almost half and subscribers grow even more this year. Works Cited Laporte, N. (2013, July 1). A TALE OF TWO NETFLIX. Fast Comapny , 177, pp. 31-32. Mint. (2013, September 23). ‘Breaking Bad,’ ‘Modern Family’ win top Emmy Awards. (H. M. Ltd., Producer) Retrieved Septemner 29, 2013, from Mint: http://search.proquest.com.rlib.pace.edu/docview/1434860801?accountid=13044 Peterson, T. (2013, September 23). 2013 MEDIA MAVENS: BRAD BEALE. Advertising Age , 84 (33), p. 1. Ramachadran, S. (2013, September 20). Cable Fights to Feed ‘Binge’ TV Viewers; Comcast, Verizon FiOS Vie With Netflix, Amazon for Rights to Show Complete Series. (Dow Jones & Company Inc) Retrieved September 30, 2013, from Wall Street Journal: http://search.proquest.com.rlib.pace.edu/docview/1434160601?accountid=13044 View as multi-pages

What Everyone Is Saying About Complet List of All Essay Topics and Direction Is Wrong and Why

What Everyone Is Saying About Complet List of All Essay Topics and Direction Is Wrong and Why Every single one of their songs have become the most heavenly song you could possibly hear. Bear in mind you could make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. There are a lot of things you wish to live, many things you feel, and you simply don't know if a number of the situations you do are ok or not. MP3 music needs to be free. Test essay questions will be dependent on the topic, naturally. Test scores demonstrate that the usa is educationally behind other developed nations in Europe and Asia. Your topic is so important because you've got to make sure it is related to the class that you're taking unless it is for English class. Research-based topics require students to assemble information till they write. The reader ought to be impressed by the manner in which you defend your ideas. It is essential to select a great topic so as to compose a wonderful paper. Every one of the ideas above will provide you with a chance to reveal your creative side and capacity to talk about your opinion. It is very important to get started with demonstrating the principal idea of the entire piece so you and your readers are going to be on the very same page. Permit the professional academic writers help to your informative paper! Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't tricky to discover. Writing prompts are among the best approaches to create confident writers who take pleasure in the practice. Life is far better than it was 50 decades ago. As an issue of fact, the content of your essay is dependent on what you're likely to write about. You should participate in far-reaching studying to cover all facets of this issue and all point of views by different folks. When you have the topic, answer the question and after that support your answer with three or more explanations for why you believe it. It's importan t to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points you may counter to your own points. Think of what you could do in order to make your school more beautiful. The role of assigning an essay to middle school students is to make awareness and permit them to develop writing skills. Sometimes teachers give individual topics to every student, and at times they don't. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. Argumentative essay is about arguing and debating on a subject, which is debatable. Researching the topic will enable you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you truly like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. Deciding on your topic isn't that easy. It's needless to say that you should go for a subject that you regard as interesting. You must pick an overall topic and as soon as you have you can begin by doing some research on it. You will probably locate a different and terrific topic you will love to write about. What to Expect From Complet List of All Essay Topics and Direction? There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. 1 Direction's faces are only the icing in addition to the cake. You're now prepared to write your very first research paper and you can't decide what things to write it on. To begin with, local newspaper papers are sometimes an excellent place to discover interesting argumentative essay topics. Write an essay to convince your principal your idea is one which should be adopted. Another good idea is to receive some absolutely free essay examples of different kinds and on various subjects to find a general idea of the way in which a prosperous debatable paper looks. People in demand of case study research should rush to appreciate our assistance. It is also easy as you can conveniently find a lot of information on world history very easily on the web. When it can be difficult to inspire children to compose essays, the trick is to introduce subjects or issues they are interested in. For instance, students might write about the advantages of a vegan diet. Normally, it doesn't include references and quotes in it. After you choose a topic, you h ave to react to the query and substantiate your response with three or more motivations as to why you think like that. So be certain that you decide on a subject, which has values in it. It's possible for you to pick topics from assorted lists of ready themes.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Essay - 1924 Words

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Thankfully, it is hard for most people to imagine a tiredness and weakness of body that would keep one confined to a bed. There are people today who have lived a very active lifestyle for years and have suddenly found themselves burdened by a feeling of bodily weariness they never knew was possible. It all happens so swiftly and surprisingly that many are terrified by these changes taking place. CFS, otherwise known as chronic fatigue syndrome, is this illness characterized by debilitating fatigue. At times, this disease is also referred to as chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome (CFIDS), or chronic Epstein-Barr virus (CEBV). However, no matter what it is called, it remains a nightmare for those who†¦show more content†¦One can simply become tired, while others may be totally bedridden and disabled from fatigue. Sometimes the body is better, so the individual can lead an almost normal lifestyle, but then days or weeks later this strength may easily wane. 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The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 947 Words

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The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that

Windows 7 Check Your Understanding Free Essays

Win7 Chapter 3 Knowledge Assessment Fill in the Blank Complete the following sentences by writing the correct word or words in the blanks provided. 1. An image file that contains an entire workstation configuration, including all applications, packages, and configuration settings, is called a thick image. We will write a custom essay sample on Windows 7 Check Your Understanding or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. The two programs that make up the User State Migration Tool are called scanstate. exe and loadstate. exe. 3. A build-to-plan installation is one in which the installers capture a single image file and deploy it to each computer with no changes. 4. Windows Deployment Services can reduce network bandwidth requirements while deploying install images by using . wim files. 5. Before you can modify an offline image file using DISM. exe, you must mount the image to a folder. 6. To partition a disk using an answer file, you must add settings to the WindowsPE configuration pass. 7. The Windows 7 AIK tool that you use to create answer files is called Windows System Image Manager (SIM). 8. To boot from an image transmitted over the network by a WDS server, a workstation must have a network adapter that supports Preboot Execution Environment (PXE). 9. The deployment scenario in which you save a workstation’s user state data, wipe its disk, install Windows 7, and then restore the user state data is called the refresh computer scenario aka wipe and load. 10. A capture image enables a workstation to boot from a disk and connect to a WDS server. True / False 1. To perform a Windows 7 deployment using ZTI, you must have a SQL Server on your network. F 2. To create a capture image, you use the Deployment Workbench console. T 3. The Windows 7 AIK script files used to perform unattended installations are called task sequences. F 4. You can use the boot images created by Deployment Workbench to start workstations using either boot disks or WDS. T 5. The computer that you use to capture an image of a workstation configuration is called the target computer. F 6. An LTI deployment provides greater flexibility than a ZTI deployment. T 7. ImageX. exe is a command? line tool that you can use to capture and deploy image files. T 8. To use the upgrade computer scenario, a workstation must be running Windows XP SP2 or later. F 9. Before you can capture an image of a Windows 7 workstation, you must run the Sysprep. exe program. T 10. Sector? -based image files are spannable, editable, and bootable. F Review Questions 1. Describe the difference between an LTI and a ZTI deployment in terms of the activity at the target computer during the Windows 7 installation. LTI is lite touch deployment requires someone to sit there during installations and answer some questions where as ZTI is a zero touch installation is just that. The system installs without any one present at the workstation to monitor it. 2. List the five basic steps in an enterprise Windows 7 workstation deployment. Build a deployed share Perform a reference computer installation Capture an image of the reference computer Boot the target computers Apply the reference computer image How to cite Windows 7 Check Your Understanding, Papers

Business Law ACL

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Lawfor ACL. Answer: Introduction The legislature has got the authority to make laws for the safety of people and it should be developed keeping in mind the bars contained under the supreme law of land. The ACL was developed on as advised by the Ministry of consumer Affairs to present that it is uniform law made for the whole country. It is applicable in the all the jurisdictions following the same rules and policies. Ultimately, the provisions of this Act are made in respect of individuals and not in respect of any body of individuals. The creation of this law has not altered in any way the applicability of the Commonwealth or a State or Territory under the Australian Constitution. Meaning of Consumer Protection Consumer protection implies safeguarding the consumers and protecting them from the unethical practices of vendors. It means to adopt precautionary measures to protect the individuals from the wrong acts performed by traders and provide them with the remedy to address their grievances and dispose of the cases speedily. The consumers are harassed every day and it is the states duty to save them from the misconduct of traders. The numerous wrong activities which are done by traders these days include mixing toxic elements with the eatable items which is proved fatal for the health of people, selling of products which are not in consonance with the prescribed standards, sale of fake goods, selling the products to consumers using wrong weights, practicing black marketing to create changes in prices, charging high price than the MRP, sale of product not matching the quality and quantity shown in advertisements (Paterson Wong, 2014). Need for Consumer Protection The consumers are required to be safeguarded because it is the moral and legal duty of the State to push the businessmen and traders to adopt ethical approaches and help the consumers by giving them what they actually expect. There is a dire need to strengthen the awareness among consumers related to the rights available to consumers against any ill practice performed by the vendors. The consumer should be treated as the topmost priority of the vendors because they are the ones for whom the product is manufactured, to whom the product is sold and by whom the product is consumed and the traders must give right deal to them without performing any act of deception on them. The harassment of customers is against the law of every country and it is the duty of vendors not to perform any bad conduct that might exploit consumers. The consumers want to take full worth of their money and any act of deception might force them to lose faith in the market as well as the law of the country (Govern ment, 2012). The competitive advantage can be created by providing fair deals to consumers and vendors who perform malpractices lose their customers very easily because in todays era, almost every person is aware of his rights and can sue without hesitation. The law has provided speedy disposal of such cases which motivates the people more to address such cases. Historical Development of Consumer Law in Australia The Australian consumer law is the law of the country in favor of consumers, which is a uniform national law and encourages fair trade practices and is applicable uniformly throughout the whole country irrespective of the dividing territories. Due to this rule the traders all over the country are guided by the same rules and principles. With the introduction of this law, the productivity commission estimated the profit of $1-5 billion each year to the country. The creation of Australian consumer law has ended the other laws related to safeguarding the interests of consumers and now the uniform law is applicable in the whole of Australia. The idea of developing this law came to the government on the date 2 October 2008 on the idea propagated by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs and the Act came into force on 1 January, 2011. The Australian consumer law is a schedule to Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 and this is another name of the Trade Practices Act, 1974. This law runs across the country with the same application by all the tribunals and courts (Australia, 2016). However, the most important aspect which cannot go unnoticed is that the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 is still subsisting and is absolutely valid, but the provisions which are not in conformity with ACL are redundant now. Consumer Protection Law in Australia The Australian Consumer Law (ACL) contains provisions regarding unjust terms of contract, rights available to consumers when deception is performed on them, addressing of issues against retailers and manufacturers, provisions regarding protection of health of consumers by protecting them from adulterated goods, uniform trade practices provisions for all the traders, compensation to consumers, alternative reliefs available to consumers when they are not satisfied by the verdict of consumer courts and replacement and repairs of products keeping in mind the aspect of warranty and guarantee (Commission, 2017). The ACL helps to maintain a healthy relationship of consumer and vendor. The consumer law prohibits the traders not to perform any kind of misconduct on the consumer that might harm his health. The same provision is given in the ASIC, Act but that is regarding finance. The law also prohibits the vendors to do any unconscionable act. This provision aids to curtail down the unethical and unjust acts done by traders on consumers. The law safeguards the consumers from illegal and immoral terms provided in the contract as entered by the parties. The contracts which we are talking about here are made by traders and the consumers have got the right to accept or refuse to accept the terms and conditions provided in the contract. The misrepresentation of facts in another wrong and this may be done in writing or verbally. The bait advertisements are a part of misrepresentation. Attracting the consumers with false gifts is one such aspect and should not be practiced because the interests of con sumers are the highest priority of consumers law. These provisions are given from section 18-35 of the Act. This law runs throughout the country in the same manner and no changes are mentioned for any specific jurisdictions. ACL is consistent at all the levels that are federal or state. The remedy which is given for the consumers to protect their rights made major amendments in 2011and since then consumers have got a huge number of rights which they can avail if in any manner they are not satisfied with the product delivered. The dealing sections are 259-277. Remedy against retailers: - If the consumers are not happy with the product then the option which is available to them is of replacement or repair. In this case, the consumers have the right to sue the traders to receive damages. In the case of services, the consumer can terminate the contract or demand compensation. Remedy against manufacturers: - As we all know that the consumers and manufacturers do not have an immediate nexus but they do have close connections. In case the consumer doesnt know about the whereabouts of manufacturer, he can ask the retailer and it is the duty of retailer to provide all the relevant information which may help consumers reach manufacturers. The products can be replaced or repaired or money can be demanded back. Warranty cards are now given by traders which help the consumers to get their product exchanged when it is returned within the prescribed time limit. The products should be brought back and it is not practical to bring them back in original packing so such loopholes are allowed (Government, 2013). If the health of the person gets affected by the consumption of goods or services or the same thing happens to the person in whom such person is interested, the compensation can be claimed by that person. Money can also be claimed if the property gets damaged by consuming goods. In case of death of the consumer, the heir or legal representative may file the claim. The provisions are mentioned under section 138- 145. It is the duty of retailer to provide information to a consumer when he inquires about manufacturers and just in case he fails to do so, consumers can consider him to be a manufacturer and ask for his claim (Corones, et al., 2016). The vendors are not always at fault and there are cases where consumers are also at fault. In recent times, many cases have been experienced regarding this aspect. So, various defenses are provided to vendors as well, which includes that the vendors are not responsible for any error that arises after the sale of products or any mistake which could have been addressed by consumers with due diligence, traders are not liable when the mistake is not under their control. (Section 142-147) The Australian Consumer Law deals with three things that cover remedies, powers, remedies and penalties. Performing malpractice on consumers is a civil wrong and compensation can be demanded for it. A number of times the license of vendors is taken away and he is prohibited to conduct business during a certain period of time or under certain areas. Presently, the traders just want to do one thing that is to earn maximum profits and more than their competitors. For this, they cross limits and start performing acts which they know is not morally sound, but they need to understand that adopting deception is not the criterion. This might be a criterion to earn easy profits, but this may lead traders to fall behind bars. It is the duty of government to conduct seminars and fares to create awareness among consumers regarding the rights available to them (Clements, 2016). This has proved out to be one of the most influential laws in all times as this has benefitted the country in huge monetary terms. Case Law: ACCC Versus TPG Internet Pty Ltd (2013 HCA 54) Section 18 of this Act and previously it was a part of theTrade Practices Act 1974under section 52 as we read above prohibits any act of deception on the consumers to mislead them. It also forbids the advertisements which lead the consumers in the wrong direction, so in this case High Court provided for the importance of this section that holds the consumers safe and many traders do not perform the misconduct because they are afraid of strict actions taken by the judiciary. The decision of the High Court inTPG provides that if the advertisement appears to be is misleading the consumers, which are in contradiction to s 18 of theACLshould be analyzed by the overall picture the ad exhibit and the circumstances in which it is shown. The overall substance of the ad should be taken into account and not the form of the advertisement. A huge number of judges in the High Court (French CJ, Crennan, Bell and Keane JJ; Gageler J dissenting) restored the monetary penalty of $2 million. It was hel d that the headlines of the ad may mislead the consumers so the whole ad should be seen carefully (Wickham, 2013). Conclusion It is very important for the government to make laws to ensure the safety of citizens. In the same way, it is the utmost duty of the judiciary to interpret the laws in the right manner and provide speedy relief to them. The law is made purely in respect of consumers with a few provisions in relation to retailers and manufacturers. So, the consumers should avail the rights available to them and if they dont, the whole law will stand useless. References Australia, C. o., 2016. Unfair contract terms: A guide for business and legal practitioners, Available at: https://www.cbs.sa.gov.au/assets/files/unfair_contract_Guide_ACL.pdf Clements, G., 2016. Australian consumer law review: Commonwealth of Australia. Commission, A. C. a. C., 2017. Consumer guarantees: What products and services are guaranteed?. [Online] Available at: https://www.accc.gov.au/consumers/consumer-rights-guarantees/consumer-guarantees Corones, S., Christensen, P., Malbon, J. Asher, A., 2016. Comparative analysis of overseas consumer policy frameworks: Commonwealth of Australia . Government, A., 2013. The Australian Consumer Law: A framework overview, Available at: https://consumerlaw.gov.au/files/2015/06/ACL_framework_overview.pdf Government, V., 2012. Australian Consumer Law and Fair Trading, Available at: https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/web_notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/LTObjSt7.nsf/d1a8d8a9bed958efca25761600042ef5/1bae4607a706ddb8ca257ad800784a5b/$FILE/12-21a004bookmarked.pdf Paterson, J. Wong, V., 2014. Fine Print Disclaimers May Not Protect Advertising from being Misleading: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd, Available at: https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/opinionsonhigh/tag/pecuniary-penalties/ Wickham, B., 2013. Australian competition and consumer commission v TPG internet Pty ltd: High court of Australia, Available at: https://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/judgment-summaries/2013/hca54-2013-12-12.pdf