The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 947 Words

Fitzgerald wrote one of his most famous books The Great Gatsby, during the Age of Disillusionment. He focuses on the idea that everyone wants love, money, social class superiority,happiness, etc. The main American Dreams that Fitzgerald writes about are love and money. He shows that through his character s hopes and dreams. For example, Gatsby’s dream of being with Daisy and Nick’s hope for becoming rich; even though to Fitzgerald they are only myths. The American Dreams are to find love and get rich, however Fitzgerald believes that The American Dream can not be achieved. One of the American Dreams that Fitzgerald talks about is love. â€Å"He knew that when he kissed this girl, and forever wed his utterable visions to her perishable breath,...†(110). In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby is the dreamer who is in love with Daisy. â€Å"The officer looked at Daisy while she was speaking, in a way that every young wants to be looked at some time†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (75). Most ev eryone wants to find love in life. Gatsby found it, however it did not go as planned. Some people start out searching for love, and others are patient and let love find them. Love found Gatsby; he was trying to get rich when he met Daisy. Like many love stories it starts out great, but no story is a smooth ride. In Gatsby’s case it was unacceptable for a rich girl to marry a poor boy. However, once someone finds love they tend to want to hold on to it. Gatsby held on so tight that he kept it for five years after he last saw her andShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that

Windows 7 Check Your Understanding Free Essays

Win7 Chapter 3 Knowledge Assessment Fill in the Blank Complete the following sentences by writing the correct word or words in the blanks provided. 1. An image file that contains an entire workstation configuration, including all applications, packages, and configuration settings, is called a thick image. We will write a custom essay sample on Windows 7 Check Your Understanding or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. The two programs that make up the User State Migration Tool are called scanstate. exe and loadstate. exe. 3. A build-to-plan installation is one in which the installers capture a single image file and deploy it to each computer with no changes. 4. Windows Deployment Services can reduce network bandwidth requirements while deploying install images by using . wim files. 5. Before you can modify an offline image file using DISM. exe, you must mount the image to a folder. 6. To partition a disk using an answer file, you must add settings to the WindowsPE configuration pass. 7. The Windows 7 AIK tool that you use to create answer files is called Windows System Image Manager (SIM). 8. To boot from an image transmitted over the network by a WDS server, a workstation must have a network adapter that supports Preboot Execution Environment (PXE). 9. The deployment scenario in which you save a workstation’s user state data, wipe its disk, install Windows 7, and then restore the user state data is called the refresh computer scenario aka wipe and load. 10. A capture image enables a workstation to boot from a disk and connect to a WDS server. True / False 1. To perform a Windows 7 deployment using ZTI, you must have a SQL Server on your network. F 2. To create a capture image, you use the Deployment Workbench console. T 3. The Windows 7 AIK script files used to perform unattended installations are called task sequences. F 4. You can use the boot images created by Deployment Workbench to start workstations using either boot disks or WDS. T 5. The computer that you use to capture an image of a workstation configuration is called the target computer. F 6. An LTI deployment provides greater flexibility than a ZTI deployment. T 7. ImageX. exe is a command? line tool that you can use to capture and deploy image files. T 8. To use the upgrade computer scenario, a workstation must be running Windows XP SP2 or later. F 9. Before you can capture an image of a Windows 7 workstation, you must run the Sysprep. exe program. T 10. Sector? -based image files are spannable, editable, and bootable. F Review Questions 1. Describe the difference between an LTI and a ZTI deployment in terms of the activity at the target computer during the Windows 7 installation. LTI is lite touch deployment requires someone to sit there during installations and answer some questions where as ZTI is a zero touch installation is just that. The system installs without any one present at the workstation to monitor it. 2. List the five basic steps in an enterprise Windows 7 workstation deployment. Build a deployed share Perform a reference computer installation Capture an image of the reference computer Boot the target computers Apply the reference computer image How to cite Windows 7 Check Your Understanding, Papers

Business Law ACL

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Lawfor ACL. Answer: Introduction The legislature has got the authority to make laws for the safety of people and it should be developed keeping in mind the bars contained under the supreme law of land. The ACL was developed on as advised by the Ministry of consumer Affairs to present that it is uniform law made for the whole country. It is applicable in the all the jurisdictions following the same rules and policies. Ultimately, the provisions of this Act are made in respect of individuals and not in respect of any body of individuals. The creation of this law has not altered in any way the applicability of the Commonwealth or a State or Territory under the Australian Constitution. Meaning of Consumer Protection Consumer protection implies safeguarding the consumers and protecting them from the unethical practices of vendors. It means to adopt precautionary measures to protect the individuals from the wrong acts performed by traders and provide them with the remedy to address their grievances and dispose of the cases speedily. The consumers are harassed every day and it is the states duty to save them from the misconduct of traders. The numerous wrong activities which are done by traders these days include mixing toxic elements with the eatable items which is proved fatal for the health of people, selling of products which are not in consonance with the prescribed standards, sale of fake goods, selling the products to consumers using wrong weights, practicing black marketing to create changes in prices, charging high price than the MRP, sale of product not matching the quality and quantity shown in advertisements (Paterson Wong, 2014). Need for Consumer Protection The consumers are required to be safeguarded because it is the moral and legal duty of the State to push the businessmen and traders to adopt ethical approaches and help the consumers by giving them what they actually expect. There is a dire need to strengthen the awareness among consumers related to the rights available to consumers against any ill practice performed by the vendors. The consumer should be treated as the topmost priority of the vendors because they are the ones for whom the product is manufactured, to whom the product is sold and by whom the product is consumed and the traders must give right deal to them without performing any act of deception on them. The harassment of customers is against the law of every country and it is the duty of vendors not to perform any bad conduct that might exploit consumers. The consumers want to take full worth of their money and any act of deception might force them to lose faith in the market as well as the law of the country (Govern ment, 2012). The competitive advantage can be created by providing fair deals to consumers and vendors who perform malpractices lose their customers very easily because in todays era, almost every person is aware of his rights and can sue without hesitation. The law has provided speedy disposal of such cases which motivates the people more to address such cases. Historical Development of Consumer Law in Australia The Australian consumer law is the law of the country in favor of consumers, which is a uniform national law and encourages fair trade practices and is applicable uniformly throughout the whole country irrespective of the dividing territories. Due to this rule the traders all over the country are guided by the same rules and principles. With the introduction of this law, the productivity commission estimated the profit of $1-5 billion each year to the country. The creation of Australian consumer law has ended the other laws related to safeguarding the interests of consumers and now the uniform law is applicable in the whole of Australia. The idea of developing this law came to the government on the date 2 October 2008 on the idea propagated by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs and the Act came into force on 1 January, 2011. The Australian consumer law is a schedule to Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 and this is another name of the Trade Practices Act, 1974. This law runs across the country with the same application by all the tribunals and courts (Australia, 2016). However, the most important aspect which cannot go unnoticed is that the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 is still subsisting and is absolutely valid, but the provisions which are not in conformity with ACL are redundant now. Consumer Protection Law in Australia The Australian Consumer Law (ACL) contains provisions regarding unjust terms of contract, rights available to consumers when deception is performed on them, addressing of issues against retailers and manufacturers, provisions regarding protection of health of consumers by protecting them from adulterated goods, uniform trade practices provisions for all the traders, compensation to consumers, alternative reliefs available to consumers when they are not satisfied by the verdict of consumer courts and replacement and repairs of products keeping in mind the aspect of warranty and guarantee (Commission, 2017). The ACL helps to maintain a healthy relationship of consumer and vendor. The consumer law prohibits the traders not to perform any kind of misconduct on the consumer that might harm his health. The same provision is given in the ASIC, Act but that is regarding finance. The law also prohibits the vendors to do any unconscionable act. This provision aids to curtail down the unethical and unjust acts done by traders on consumers. The law safeguards the consumers from illegal and immoral terms provided in the contract as entered by the parties. The contracts which we are talking about here are made by traders and the consumers have got the right to accept or refuse to accept the terms and conditions provided in the contract. The misrepresentation of facts in another wrong and this may be done in writing or verbally. The bait advertisements are a part of misrepresentation. Attracting the consumers with false gifts is one such aspect and should not be practiced because the interests of con sumers are the highest priority of consumers law. These provisions are given from section 18-35 of the Act. This law runs throughout the country in the same manner and no changes are mentioned for any specific jurisdictions. ACL is consistent at all the levels that are federal or state. The remedy which is given for the consumers to protect their rights made major amendments in 2011and since then consumers have got a huge number of rights which they can avail if in any manner they are not satisfied with the product delivered. The dealing sections are 259-277. Remedy against retailers: - If the consumers are not happy with the product then the option which is available to them is of replacement or repair. In this case, the consumers have the right to sue the traders to receive damages. In the case of services, the consumer can terminate the contract or demand compensation. Remedy against manufacturers: - As we all know that the consumers and manufacturers do not have an immediate nexus but they do have close connections. In case the consumer doesnt know about the whereabouts of manufacturer, he can ask the retailer and it is the duty of retailer to provide all the relevant information which may help consumers reach manufacturers. The products can be replaced or repaired or money can be demanded back. Warranty cards are now given by traders which help the consumers to get their product exchanged when it is returned within the prescribed time limit. The products should be brought back and it is not practical to bring them back in original packing so such loopholes are allowed (Government, 2013). If the health of the person gets affected by the consumption of goods or services or the same thing happens to the person in whom such person is interested, the compensation can be claimed by that person. Money can also be claimed if the property gets damaged by consuming goods. In case of death of the consumer, the heir or legal representative may file the claim. The provisions are mentioned under section 138- 145. It is the duty of retailer to provide information to a consumer when he inquires about manufacturers and just in case he fails to do so, consumers can consider him to be a manufacturer and ask for his claim (Corones, et al., 2016). The vendors are not always at fault and there are cases where consumers are also at fault. In recent times, many cases have been experienced regarding this aspect. So, various defenses are provided to vendors as well, which includes that the vendors are not responsible for any error that arises after the sale of products or any mistake which could have been addressed by consumers with due diligence, traders are not liable when the mistake is not under their control. (Section 142-147) The Australian Consumer Law deals with three things that cover remedies, powers, remedies and penalties. Performing malpractice on consumers is a civil wrong and compensation can be demanded for it. A number of times the license of vendors is taken away and he is prohibited to conduct business during a certain period of time or under certain areas. Presently, the traders just want to do one thing that is to earn maximum profits and more than their competitors. For this, they cross limits and start performing acts which they know is not morally sound, but they need to understand that adopting deception is not the criterion. This might be a criterion to earn easy profits, but this may lead traders to fall behind bars. It is the duty of government to conduct seminars and fares to create awareness among consumers regarding the rights available to them (Clements, 2016). This has proved out to be one of the most influential laws in all times as this has benefitted the country in huge monetary terms. Case Law: ACCC Versus TPG Internet Pty Ltd (2013 HCA 54) Section 18 of this Act and previously it was a part of theTrade Practices Act 1974under section 52 as we read above prohibits any act of deception on the consumers to mislead them. It also forbids the advertisements which lead the consumers in the wrong direction, so in this case High Court provided for the importance of this section that holds the consumers safe and many traders do not perform the misconduct because they are afraid of strict actions taken by the judiciary. The decision of the High Court inTPG provides that if the advertisement appears to be is misleading the consumers, which are in contradiction to s 18 of theACLshould be analyzed by the overall picture the ad exhibit and the circumstances in which it is shown. The overall substance of the ad should be taken into account and not the form of the advertisement. A huge number of judges in the High Court (French CJ, Crennan, Bell and Keane JJ; Gageler J dissenting) restored the monetary penalty of $2 million. It was hel d that the headlines of the ad may mislead the consumers so the whole ad should be seen carefully (Wickham, 2013). Conclusion It is very important for the government to make laws to ensure the safety of citizens. In the same way, it is the utmost duty of the judiciary to interpret the laws in the right manner and provide speedy relief to them. The law is made purely in respect of consumers with a few provisions in relation to retailers and manufacturers. So, the consumers should avail the rights available to them and if they dont, the whole law will stand useless. References Australia, C. o., 2016. Unfair contract terms: A guide for business and legal practitioners, Available at: https://www.cbs.sa.gov.au/assets/files/unfair_contract_Guide_ACL.pdf Clements, G., 2016. Australian consumer law review: Commonwealth of Australia. Commission, A. C. a. C., 2017. Consumer guarantees: What products and services are guaranteed?. [Online] Available at: https://www.accc.gov.au/consumers/consumer-rights-guarantees/consumer-guarantees Corones, S., Christensen, P., Malbon, J. Asher, A., 2016. Comparative analysis of overseas consumer policy frameworks: Commonwealth of Australia . Government, A., 2013. The Australian Consumer Law: A framework overview, Available at: https://consumerlaw.gov.au/files/2015/06/ACL_framework_overview.pdf Government, V., 2012. Australian Consumer Law and Fair Trading, Available at: https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/web_notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/LTObjSt7.nsf/d1a8d8a9bed958efca25761600042ef5/1bae4607a706ddb8ca257ad800784a5b/$FILE/12-21a004bookmarked.pdf Paterson, J. Wong, V., 2014. Fine Print Disclaimers May Not Protect Advertising from being Misleading: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd, Available at: https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/opinionsonhigh/tag/pecuniary-penalties/ Wickham, B., 2013. Australian competition and consumer commission v TPG internet Pty ltd: High court of Australia, Available at: https://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/judgment-summaries/2013/hca54-2013-12-12.pdf

Marketing channels and logistics Essay Example

Marketing channels and logistics Essay Marketing channels and logistics BY k3700026 1. Executive Summary This report is aimed at exploring the market channel and logistics in the case of SuperAlloy, the world-class provider of forged aluminum alloy wheel rims. Through the analysis of financial performance, the fluctuations of average selling days and inventory turnover are necessary to addressed. After the discussion, this report mentions three key, including the dilemma of collaboration in supply chain, breakthrough of market channels, deploying the system of logistics in China region. From the perspective of management, SuperAlloy should adapt external integration, estructure the supply chain collaboration, complete the breakthrough of market channels, highlight some KPIs, such as inventory turnover, average selling days, and the average time to generate first trial order for new customer or new design, and deploy the logistics of China regions. 2. The Discussion for Task 1 2. The market opportunity for the forged aluminum alloy wheel rims With the designs of energy-saving technology growing mature in automobile market, the forged aluminum alloy wheel rims have become the important component in future lightweight vehicle. The components of high-strength forged aluminum alloy could e used to reduce vehicle weight and enhance the engine efficiency. Therefore, the forged aluminum alloy wheel rims have played the key part in automotive supply chain (http://www. superalloy. tw/). The case company in this report is SuperAlloy, which has moved into the forged aluminum al loy wheel rims since 1997. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing channels and logistics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing channels and logistics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing channels and logistics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first three key suppliers of forged aluminum alloy wheel rims are Americas ACOA, Germanys Otto Fuch, and Taiwans SuperAlloy. In China, the first provider for article_content_12953. html). The market opportunity for forged aluminum alloy wheel rims results from technological bar inherent in the high-strength forged luminum alloy wheel rims ( http://www. superalloy. tw/). First, it stems from high specifications in automobile system regarding safety. Thereby, the providers of forged aluminum alloy wheel rims are often required to meet the criteria by way of innovation of manufacturing process or material technology. Second, the process of aforementioned innovation result in longer lead times before mass production. Accordingly, higher margins for the forged aluminum alloy wheel rims often cost the higher-than-normal expense of high-quality services from RD team and sales team. On the other hands, the management for market channel and logistics plays the critical position in the technology-intensive industry. 2. 2 The financial performances of SuperAlloy As the appendix describes, SuperAlloy is the Taiwans biggest closed-mold forge company and ranked as the third position in the global forged aluminum alloy wheel rims industry. Based on the published financial data on the website of http:// newmopsov. twse. com. tw/, this report reviews the financial performances of SuperAlloy from 2006 to 2011, trying to identifying the issues behind market channel and logistics. Table 1 The financial performances of SuperAlloy Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 sale (NTD OOOS) 2,223,755 3,579,541 2723,396 Margin(%) 30. 39 20. 98 2. 72 20. 95 22. 44 17. 2 Operating margin(%) 17. 13 10. 83 -6. 81 6. 83 5. 42 Debt ratio(%) 59. 36 60. 35 63. 72 24. 23 46. 51 Inventory turnovers 1 . 1 1. 89 2. 05 2. 66 2. 98 2. 14 Average selling days (Days) 278. 62 193. 12 178. 04 137. 21 122. 48 170. 56 Asset turnovers 0. 37 0. 48 0. 46 0. 39 0. 43 0. 49 Cash flow 63. 06 60. 42 12. 01 4. 8 1 . 44 -6. 17 2. 4 3. 45 2. 74 0. 64 -19. 58 3. 8 5. 95 4. 13 Source: http://newmopsov. twse. com. tw NA means the data cant be accessed. As shown in table 1, the sales from 2006 to 2008 indicate the strong growth momentum, while the margins and operating margins in the same period indicate that more revenue didnt mean more profit. In 2008, the inventory turnover, asset turnover and average selling days indicate the positive progress on management. Therefore, the negative ROA in 2008 could be attributed to the issue of negative margin. It suggests the necessary adjustments regarding cost efficiency. According to the management interview traced on the website of (http://store. gvm. com. tw/ article_content_12953. tml), the improvement of manufacturing process and staff quality has been under the focus of internal management. Compared with the data shown in the appendix, SuperAlloy began to deliver forged aluminum wheel rims to Jaguar Cars and Tesla Motors in April 2008. In October 2008, SuperAlloy won a Toyota TMS gold award. Hence, the factors resulting in the negative operating margin in 2008 could be related to the effects from financial tsunami and following issues regarding cost efficiency. The fluctuation in the period from 2009 to 2011 reflects another pattern. Even with the lower revenue than 2009, the outcomes in 2010, ncluding inventory turnover, average selling days, margin and operating margin, indicate the best signal since 2006. However, affected by cripple effects resulted from the European debt crisis, the performance in 2011 delivers the signal of another economic impulse surrounding a higher average selling days as well as a lower inventory turnover. Figure 1 The compassion among sales, margin, operating margin Source: This report Based on the analysis of DuPont formulate, a lower ROA could result from lower asset turnover, indicating poor management, lower operating margin, or a combination of oth factors. The trend displayed in figure 1 suggests the downtrend of ROA an ROE in fgure 2 should be focused on the operating management. As shown in table 1, there are two points which are necessary be highlighted. First, the lower inventory turnover of 2011 suggests the efficiency of logistics should be improved, reflecting some problems linked with manufacturing system and sale team. Second, the higher average selling days indicate the forecasts for brand customers orders should be adjusted to the dynamic of market, indicating the key issues behind market channel and regarding strategies. These issues could involve the identification of problems, the cooperation of cross-group cooperation, internal integration or external integration. These topics will be discussed in following sections of this report. Figure 2 The compassion among sales, ROES, ROAS in the past Source: This report Based on the previous analysis, there are some issues necessary to be addressed. The lower inventory turnover of 2011 suggests possible challenges confronted SuperAlloy. From the perspective of operation between sale team and manufacturing department, lower inventory turnover mean the misinformation in the process of ommunication between these two departments. The sale team should take the role to maintain customer relationship and Judge where is the equilibrium among the capability of manufacturing department and customers demands and criteria. Once customers demand could not fit the capacity or the present category of product. The outsourcing process should be moved on in order to provide the total solutions for the timing and immediacy of orders. Accordingly, in accordance with the lecture of Marketing Channels Logistics by Mike Bourlakis(2012), the efficiency of outsourcing process will be the issue to be discussed. Before the discussion, its important to realize the characteristics in automotive supply chain. For the purpose, this report collects the information from the in-depth interview by e-mails through personal relationship connecting to some senior manager in the regarding forging field. Based on the process cited on the website of http://www. ]yeh. com. tw and personal in-depth interview with the senior manager by e-mails, the manufacturing process of forged aluminum alloy wheel rims could be referred as the following sequence: 1. Order entry, 2. Mold design making, 3. Material incoming, 4. Material inspecting, . Making product sample, 6. Quality confirm by customer, 7. Cutting 8. Forging, 9. Edge cutting, 10. Heat treatment, 11. Vibration grinding, 12. Pickling, 13. Drilling surface grinding hole machining 14. Anodized or coating, 15. Finished product inspection, 16. Packing delivery. Above process highlights the longer lead time for new product innovation depends on the sequence from step 2 to step 6. The average lead time for the trial order of a new customer to a formal mass-producing order usually cost six months to 1 5 months, according to the in-depth interview through emails. The major threshold for enerating new orders results from the capability of dealing well with customers requirement, such as the strength of product, the design of the product as well as the flexibility of rapid responses for customers immediate need and ideas. Besides maintaining the customer relationship with existent clients, the main promotion of sale teams in the industry is through the all kinds of exhibitions around the world. design, the following orders of forged aluminum alloy wheel rims will grow at the pace of automotive growth momentum. Above process for building up customer relationship results in the higher-than-normal threshold for new providers. . 3. 1 The first key challenges : The dilemma of collaboration in supply chain From the perspective of automotive supply chain, the difficulty and complexity inherent in the technique of forging aluminum alloy drive the outsourcing process and following collaborations. Notwithstanding, there will still be the dilemma for the collaboration of supply chain confronting SuperAlloy. The dilemma derives from the differentials among different companies, heated up by the process of distribution of benefits in customers orders and the difference of profitability of different automotive components. Thus, the partnership in supply chain is like the game theory, demonstrated by the prisons dilemma. From the perspective of protecting intangible assets, the know-hows and techniques embedded in forged aluminum alloy wheel rims mean the capability of moving into a higher margin market. Inevitably, more robust partnership, more comprehensive understanding . t symbolizes the advantage of core competition decays with the collaboration going on. Hence, the concerns of keeping the uniqueness of techniques will drive the dilemma into next stage, since both parties want to keep the competitiveness in the market nd sustain the original customer relationship. Whereas the dynamic of collaboration depends on more bargaining assets which party holds, like technologies, producing capac ity, the certification of customer as well as the capability of generating orders. Accordingly, the first key challenge in front of SuperAlloy is to meet the the dilemma of collaboration in supply chain collaboration. . 3. 2 The second key challenges : The breakthrough of market channels Even with the insurance of automotive customers certification, the unstable sale growth momentum will be always existent. The ncertainty is reflected on the volatility of average selling days in table 1 . The issue behind the higher average selling days in 2011 should be linked with the global economic concerns. Once the sale team loosens the monitoring for global automotive market, the reliability of customers order forecast will be overestimated. It could lead to the lower inventory turnover and higher average selling days, along with the fluctuating margins driven by unexpected downtrend in the market. Under previous global economy, the market channels of SuperAlloy should react through innovation, integration or diversification of product portfolio. Based on the point of view, the breakthrough of market channel should be addressed . For the time being, the promotion through exhibition is the key channel to contact potential customers. However, the promotion should be involved with RD team and sale team to back up the following communication with customers. From the perspective of efficiency and accumulating the key human capital, the management of the market channel should rely on the scheme of the key performance indicators, to utilize the existent human resources. For SuperAlloy, the second key challenge is the breakthrough of market channel. Based on above characteristics of automotive supply chain, SuperAlloy should leverage its customer relationship to build up the solid partnership and flexibility of outsourcing or other external integration. Therefore, the objectives of breakthrough of market channel are to bring into solid collaboration, maintain the promotion. . 3. 3 The third key challenges : Deploying the system of logistics in China region Under previous global economy, the growth momentum of automotive market depends on the stimulus of policy of subsidies, guiding people to transfer from traditional vehicles to energy-saving vehicles. Combined with brand customers romotion, the demand of forged aluminum alloy wheel rims co uld be heated up. Nonetheless, it should be a long way to go. Whenever reviewing the growth momentum around the world, China automotive market shouldnt be missed. Notwithstanding, the cooperation with Chinese local partners is not always an easy task, due to the regulations inherent in cultures and Joint venture. The issue of managing the logistics and sustaining the customer relationship shouldnt be ignored. Once the distance between the different customers basements are longer than ever, the efficiency of managing people in the process of logistics become ritical to the global operation. As shown in figure 3 in the appendix, SuperAlloy is running the global operation. Nonetheless, how to strengthen the efficiency of logistics in China region should be addressed as a crucial decision-making process, including the indicators of measuring performance and assembling the logistics depending on potential customers demand. In sum, there will be three key challenges for SuperAlloy to deal with in the future. They are listed as following points: 1. The dilemma of the collaboration in supply chain, 2. The breakthrough of market channels, 3. Deploying the system of logistics in China region. . The Discussion for Task 2 3. The solution for the dilemma of collaboration in supply chain After above discussion, the following parts of this report will be focused on how to generate the solutions for aforementioned three challenges. As far as the first challenge is concerned, the solutions will include supply chain integration. According to the characteristics of forging industry, the swap of equity to build up the long term collaboration should be listed as the fir st priority. The first reason results from the culture of Taiwans supply chain companies, which usually focus on the control of decision-making process. If the partners are without cross-shareholding, the external integration would be possibly deterred by mutual trusts and interest conflicts inherent in supply chain mentioned as above. On the other hand, the negotiation of the swap of equity will bring in the dynamic of adjustments and evaluation from all kinds of standing points. Thereby, the equilibrium of new collaboration could be achieved by the trade-off of industrial dynamics and the right of control. From the perspective of supply chain integration, first comes who could be authorized to adjust the logistics, then second comes the evaluation of performances. The two ecessary step are dependent on the equilibrium of equity structure. After the two procedures, the external integration and internal integration could be reorganized under the leadership. Under above discussion, the first solution to the dilemma of collaboration in supply chain is to start the external integration, based on the building up of new leadership and equilibrium of equity structure. For the sake of considering the differentials of company culture and accelerating the speed of market channels Based on the external integration mentioned as above, the following step is to start the breakthrough of market channels. With the capacity and flexibility inherent in new partnership, the promotion of creating total solutions for customers could strengthen the capability of keeping customers orders and drawing the potential customers orders. Once the flexibility of selecting qualified orders is enlarged up, the product mix could also be more appropriate than ever to restructure market channels and adjust logistics. Notwithstanding, the success of breakthrough of market channels depends on the building up the key performance indicators (KPI). Compared with above discussion regarding table 1, inventory turnover and average elling days could be ranked as two primary KPIs. Besides them, the average time to generate first trial order for new customer or new design could be used as the KPI to measure the efficiency of integration between technological team and sale team. Reviewing the process of generating new order, average time to generate first trial order for new customer or new design will include the plan for exhibition, the forecast of market trends and initial survey of customers and potential customers. Once the outcome is longer than expected, then the necessary interview or adjustment should be carried out. Since average time to generate first trial order for new customer or new design is linked with the cooperation among members in both teams, the interaction among them could be under evaluation and immediate adjustments. 3. 3 The solution for deploying the system of logistics in China region After breakthrough of market channels, the customer relationship could be maintained efficiently. With the KPIs in previous discussion, the global operations around brand customers could be leveraged up in the deploying the system of logistics in China region. Under the differentials between Chinese enterprise ulture and Taiwan enterprise culture, the better way to deploying the system of logistics in China region is through the collective actions based on the new partnership. On the other hand, the logistics in China regions should be completed through the linkage with local relationship. The Joint venture with local critical family or key company will be reviewed as the must-be routine. Nonetheless, the past experiences in China region are not always profitable, due to the learning curve for local regulations and exclusive marketing channel. For the sake of utilization of xistent resources, the collective deployment under the external internal integration could shorten the adjustments , quickening the speed to fit customers demand in China regions. 4. Conclusions After the discussion in this report, the suggestions for SuperAlloy are listed as following point. The three key challenges are the dilemma of collaboration in supply chain, the breakthrough of market channels, deploying the system of logistics in China region. According to the analysis of arguments , the solutions for these challenges are stated as following. First, SuperAlloy should start the external supply hain integration, building up the new supply chain collaboration. Following that, SuperAlloy should restructure breakthrough of market channel, combining the management of KPIs in previous sections. Finally, SuperAlloy could utilize existent resources and partnership to deploy the logistics in China region. 1 . http://store. gvm. com. tw/article_content_12953. html 2. http://www. superalloy. tw/main. hp 3. http://newmopsov. twse. com. tw/ 4. http://www. gvm. com. tw/Boardcontent_12953_1 . html 5. http://www. autoinfo. gov. cn/autoinfo_cn/top/ydphb/index_ydphb. htm 6. http:// www. Jyeh. com. tw 7. Mike Bourlakis (2012), Marketing Channels Logistics,London: Brunel University. 6. Appendix: The company profile of SuperAlloy SuperAlloy , founded in 1994, has moved into the industry of forged wheel rims since 1997. From the perspective of revenue, SuperAlloy has created the sales of NTD 27. 5E in 2011, operating Taiwans biggest closed-mold forge. Nonetheless, from the point of the company history in the industry of forged wheel rims, the initial stage from 1997 to 2000 have almost run out of original accumulated capital until the influx of venture capital from IJMC group, which is ranked the second position of IC foundry http://store. gvm. com. tw/article_content_12953. html). After the experience of initial stage, the management of SuperAlloy have started to focused on the operating efficiency and regarding capital expenditures such as the plants and equipments for forged aluminum alloy wheel rims. Since then, SuperAlloy has gradually passed the threshold of automotive supply chain. From the points of sale growth, the sale of 2004 was Just above NTD 5 hundred million, whereas SuperAlloy delivered the sale of NTD 22 hundred million in 2006 (http://store. gvm. com. tw/article_content_12953. html). The growth momentum results from the orders from global auto brands, such as 6M, FORD as well as Chrysler. According to the information on the companys website of http://www. superalloy. tw, the critical milestones of company history from 2000 to 2011 are listed as following: 2011. 1 Won the TOYOTA QUALITY Platinum Award. 2011. 07 AS 7003 NADCAP Materials -resting certified. 2011. 03 Germany KBAnuvvehtcle -rest certification certified: KBA NO. 48288 (Truck wheel 22. 5 x 1 1. 75). 2011. 03 Won the 19th Taiwan Excellence Award (truck wheel TE0002). 2010. 08 Won Supplier Excellent Performance Award from Bureau of Foreign Trade. 2010. 08 Won Finishing Light Metal Article Equipment and Metho ds NO. US007785452B2 U. S. patent. 2010. 06 AS9100 certified, supply Forging to AIDC Aerospace. 2010 The company get Honda, Land Rover, AMG Forged Wheel Program Awarded. 009. 07 The company by raising an additional NT$187 million in cash, with its capital increased to NT$2. 17 billion. 2009. 07 Opel Insignia OPC Forged Wheel Supplier. 2008. 04 The company began supplying forged aluminum wheel rims to Jaguar Cars and Tesla Motors. 2008. 10 In October 2008, SuperAlloys designs won customer recognition and a Toyota TMS gold award. 2007. 6 The company obtained Ford QI . 2007. 10 The company recapitalized undistributed earnings in the amount of NTD140. 5 million, bringing its paid-in capital to NTDI . 7655 billion, with a staff of 2006. 6 Phase 2 of Plant 2 was completed and the factory went into production. 2006. 10 The company expanded its plants and purchased additional equipment by raising NTD900 million in cash through issuing new shares at a premium of NTD700 million, with the comp anys paid-in capital increased to NTDI . 625 billion and its shares traded on the emerging stock market. 2006. 11 The company began shipping wheel rims to Chrysler. 006. 11 The company hired new employees in the month to the end of 2006 to increase its workforce to 1006, with a new golf head end customer added to its customer base: 2005. 1 The company expanded its plants and purchased additional equipment by raising an additional NTD360 million in cash by issuing new shares . 2005. 01 The company expanded its plants and purchased additional equipment by raising an additional NT$360 million in cash by issuing new shares at a premium of NT$135 million, with paid-in capital increased to NT$I . 425 billion. As of the end of 2005, the companys employees had increased to 874. 2005. 1 The company added a new golf head end customer 2004. 05 The company began shipping wheel rims to Ford. 2004. 6 the company purchased additional fixed assets and built Plant 2 by raising an additional NTD128 m illion in cash through issuing new shares at a premium of NTD48 million, with its capital increased to NTDI . 08 billion. 2004. 08 Phase I of Plant 2 was completed, with machines installed and production begun. 2004. 12 Plants were expanded and additional equipment purchased by raising an additional NT$192 million in cash through issuing new shares at a premium of NTD72 million, with paid- in capital increased to NTDI . billion and employees increased to 346. 2003. 5 The company purchased additional fixed assets and built Plant 2 by raising an additional NTD200 million in cash through issuing new shares, with its capital increased to NTD 1 billion and employees increased to 270. 2002. 07 The company purchased additional fixed assets by raising an additional NTDI 72. 3 million in cash through issuing new shares, with its capital increased to NTD 800 million and employees increased to 210. 2001. 09 The company purchased additional fixed assets by raising an additional NT$IOO million i n cash through issuing new shares, with the total paid- n capital increased to NTD 627. million and employees increased to 147. 2001. 11 The company began shipping wheel rims to GM. 0 2000. 05 The company purchased additional fixed assets and built Plant 1 by raising an additional NT$300 million through issuing new shares and NT$29. 7 million through earnings recapitalization. The companys capital was increased to NTD527. 7 million and was renamed SuperAlloy Industrial Co. , Ltd. 2000. 11 Plant 1 was completed and inaugurated , with employees increased to 116. Figure 3 The global operating basements of SuperAlloy Source: http://www. superalloy. tw/main. php

Free Essays on English As The Official Language Of The US

There is a continuing debate among politicians and political groups about whether or not English should be made the official language of the United States. This change would mean that all government services and documents (ballots, driver’s license tests) would be available only in English. Supporters of this policy are anxiously waiting to see whether or not The English Language Unity Act of 2003 is officially implemented into the Federal government (4). I am opposed to this implementation and in the following paragraphs, I hope to convince you that making English the official language of the US is not only irrational, but also that if implemented, it could adversely affect the quality of our culture. According to an article by Deborah Schildraut (1), 26 US states have already declared English as their official language and that several surveys have shown that more than 80% of Americans support the notion. However, these Americans may not be considering the fact that social and cultural environments do tend to vary from state to state and the potential cultural repercussions. There are some states that couldn’t possibly have English as their official language because of their immigrant population. How fair would it be to only print election ballots in English in a state that hosts entire communities and even cities of non-English speakers? A news story published in The Associated Press (2) reveals how The English Language Unity Act would in fact violate Civil Rights Act of 1964. The article tells about a woman named Martha Sandoval who sued home state of Alabama for not allowing her to take her drivers license test in her first language of Spanish. She won on the grounds that The Civil Rights Act of 1964 states that no organization may â€Å"discriminate based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.† This story gives warning of many similar cases that would ensue if English were made the official language of the US. ... Free Essays on English As The Official Language Of The US Free Essays on English As The Official Language Of The US There is a continuing debate among politicians and political groups about whether or not English should be made the official language of the United States. This change would mean that all government services and documents (ballots, driver’s license tests) would be available only in English. Supporters of this policy are anxiously waiting to see whether or not The English Language Unity Act of 2003 is officially implemented into the Federal government (4). I am opposed to this implementation and in the following paragraphs, I hope to convince you that making English the official language of the US is not only irrational, but also that if implemented, it could adversely affect the quality of our culture. According to an article by Deborah Schildraut (1), 26 US states have already declared English as their official language and that several surveys have shown that more than 80% of Americans support the notion. However, these Americans may not be considering the fact that social and cultural environments do tend to vary from state to state and the potential cultural repercussions. There are some states that couldn’t possibly have English as their official language because of their immigrant population. How fair would it be to only print election ballots in English in a state that hosts entire communities and even cities of non-English speakers? A news story published in The Associated Press (2) reveals how The English Language Unity Act would in fact violate Civil Rights Act of 1964. The article tells about a woman named Martha Sandoval who sued home state of Alabama for not allowing her to take her drivers license test in her first language of Spanish. She won on the grounds that The Civil Rights Act of 1964 states that no organization may â€Å"discriminate based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.† This story gives warning of many similar cases that would ensue if English were made the official language of the US. ...

Questions to Ask When Writing an Essay. EssaySupply.com

Questions to Ask When Writing an Essay Questions to Ask When Writing an Essay Most teachers do not make use of a very important aspect of writing essays and papers. And that aspect is that the student should ask him/herself questions as a pre-writing preparation. Asking these questions will ultimately result in a better piece of writing. So, here are questions you should ask yourself as you get ready to write any essay or paper. Topic You may have a general topic area but within that topic area, you will need to select a smaller sub-topic for your essay or paper. Here is what you need to ask yourself: What sub-topic will interest me the most? Check through your text and lecture notes for topic ideas, and pick one in which you have good interest. Writing an essay or paper on a topic you don’t like is like getting a root canal – painful, very painful! Is there enough information on the topic to fulfill the length requirement? If you need an 8-page paper on the Civil War, the Battle of Antietam will probably not cut it. Before you finalize your topic, check out what’s available for resource information. Thesis Statement Every essay or paper has to have a thesis statement. So, here is what you need to ask as you formulate that statement: Why is it important for the reader to know this? What is the main point I am trying to make? What is my opinion about this topics? Resources There may be a large number of potential resources to use, but they are not all created equal. By the time you are in college, you can dump the idea of using encyclopedias of any kind. They are not appropriate for the type of research expected of you. So, here are your questions? Is the author of this book or journal article considered an expert on this topic? Can I find and use primary resources on this topic? If I have to use only secondary resources, are these the most current and relevant? Choose your resources wisely – your professor will expect them to be of high quality. Organizing Your Information Before you make an outline for writing, ask yourself the following: Should the information or data be organized sequentially? In what order should the points I make be given? Most important to least important, or the other way around? After the Rough Draft is Finished You know you are not going to turn in the first draft of whatever you write. You have to review it and fix your errors – structural and grammatical. So, as you read through that draft, ask yourself the following: Do I have a logical flow of the points I am making? Do I have good transitional sentences between paragraphs and, for longer works, sections? Have I varied the length of my sentences? Does my introduction begin with something that will capture the reader’s attention right away? Have I stated my thesis in the introduction and made it very clear? Have I used spell and grammar checkers to catch errors? Asking the right questions gets you to a â€Å"better place† in your writing and, ultimately a better grade. If you have any concerns about your topic, resources, or the quality of your writing, send it over to some good  custom writing services like for a full review and edit. It will be returned to you polished and ready to go!

Instructional Technology Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Instructional Technology - Research Paper Example its of technology in classrooms and schools have opened up an interactive learning environment for the students where they can learn more quickly and effectively. One cannot deny the impact of technological advancements on the educational sector of any specific country. In this paper, we will explore the use of technology in instructional delivery at a nursing school. The nursing school, where I made a call in order to gather information regarding use of technology, is Catholic University of America’s school of nursing. I had a telephonic conversation with the registrar of CUA, who helped me collect useful information about use of technology in instructional delivery. The list of technological equipment used by the instructors of the school includes televisions, internet, microphones, and projectors. Let us discuss how instructors make use of these technological equipments in nursing classrooms. Instructors of CUA’s school of nursing use televisions to show how healthcare practitioners provide treatments to their patients. The professors show documentaries on different aspects of nursing and treatments. During the conversation, the registrar told me that televisions really help teachers in providing relevant and up to date information to the students. The documentaries help the students gather information about elderly nursing care programs, old and latest nursing equipment, and different treatments. The hardware requirement for this mode of instructional delivery is television, DVD player, and documentaries. The instructors need to be proficient in use of all of these equipments in order to make the students learn effectively. The instructors also make use of web-based method of instructional delivery. For this purpose, the instructors take students to the internet labs where they can search information related to various nursing techniques and treatments. The web-based instructional mechanism is very effective as it provides high level of interactivity

Literature Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Literature Review - Research Paper Example According to Goodall, Vorhaus and Carpentieri (2011), parents are responsible of participating in early childhood education. Even after a child begins attending school, it is vital to note that, they spend only 15 percent of their time in school. Though the school and its environment are vital factors in the academic development of children, different studies support the idea that parents have a crucial role in influencing academic achievement (Emerson, Fear, Josh, Stacey & Sanders 2012) The North Carolina State University (2010) found that parental involvement entails activities such as attending school meetings, checking on the progress and completion of homework, attending school events and discussing academic activities with their children at home (Goodall et al, 2011). Sciarra (2004) suggests that parents should create opportunities and appropriate environments for the academic achievement of their children (Sciarra 49). Parents need to remove disruptions such as noise, excessiv e films and television and the invitation of friends during home studying hours. The home and learning environment need to be favorable for the learning of the child. The learning environment coupled with parental involvement boost the learning process of children. ... s found that parental involvement had positive effects on the academic outcome of a child, while some researchers found that parental involvement had negative effects to the educational outcomes of a child (Sciarra 72). Studies that found negative impacts of parental engagement implied that parental engagement diminished the academic achievement of a child. These inconsistencies can be explained on different grounds. It is vital to note that different researchers have different definitions of the term parental engagement. Some of the researchers considered parental engagement as good parenting while other researchers considered parental engagement as the formation of favorable relationships between parents and teachers (Desforges and Abouchaar, 2003). Early studies showed positive links between parental engagement in the academic activities of their children and their children’s academic progress. Taken collectively, it is possible to establish that parental involvement throug h the creation of interests in the academic affairs of a child has positive effects on the child’s academic achievement and behavior. A different study published by the Review of Economics and Statistics found that parent efforts in activities such as meeting with teachers and reading stories aloud to their children immensely impact on the educational achievement of children (Hiatt-Michael, 2005). This means that parental involvement has a bigger impact on academic achievement than the effort expended by teachers (Desforges and Abouchaar, 2003). The study also stated that schools would have to increase their budget by $1,000 in case parents take a backseat in the academic activities of their children. This means that the impact of parent involvement in the academic activities of their children

The Disadvantages of Full Day Schools Essay Example for Free

The Disadvantages of Full Day Schools Essay Full day schooling refers to a longer day at preschool where they not only learn but are also given time for play. (Lamphere, 2009) Full day preschools run for five hours or longer for five days a week. Half day preschools run for approximately 3 hours for five days a week. (Rosamilia, 2008) Researchers have constantly compared these two types of schooling and most studies came to a conclusion that full day schools are better than half day schools. There are a few example of studies conducted to show this. Some examples include: A study conducted by Cryan et al.in 1992 in two phases on the effects of half-day and all-day kindergarten programs on childrens academic and behavioral success in school and another study by Hough and Bryde in 1996 which looked at the student achievement data of children enrolled in half day and full day schools. Both studies showed that full day kindergartens benefit children in terms of academic successes, attendance and there are also fewer cases of retention for them. (Clark, 2013) Even though full day schools has its benefits, it also has its disadvantages. This literature review would be focusing on the disadvantages of full day school, be it long term or short term and it would also look into the benefits of other schooling programmes such as half day programs. This review is important it would give a better idea to parents and teacher as to why they should carefully consider other options other than just focusing on full day schools. Due to the limited resources on full day schools and case studies on full day schools, the countries this literature review would be focusing on would be US and Canada. Disadvantages of Full Day Kindergarten According to research, there are a number of disadvantages for Full Day kindergarten. Firstly, there is a lack of spaces for children. According to an article, in Canada, there is a lack of space to accommodate the rising number of children if they change their program to full-day kindergartens. In Calgary, Canada, it is believed that 50 out of 137 elementary schools would not be able to accommodate more than their current half-day school and the implementation of full-day programs would force some grades to be reshuffled to other schools. (Cuthbertson Herald, 2012) In some other articles, in United States, there has been lack of space to set up full-day kindergarten. (Martinez, Stuber, and Snider, 2006; Haglund, n. d. ) Thus, there have been talks going on as to whether they should set up full-day kindergartens in that district. (Placek, 2012) Another disadvantage would be the high cost for full-day programs. This includes the expenses for equipment, staff and space. In the article regarding the changing to the full day program in Canada, they mentioned that the cost of funding it for a year would be around $200 million. Another article stated that it would cost $2 million annually after an initial startup cost of $505,600. And, it would have required another $7 million from the districts reserves to pay for construction of additional classrooms and multipurpose rooms. (Placek, 2012) Another article by a graduate from East Stroudsburg University also states that the amount of money spent on the teachers’ salaries are also high because they now have to hire more teachers for full-day kindergartens. An average teacher in the US would earn about $33,000 a year. Thus, in the case that the kindergarten hires more teachers, they would have to spend about $132,000 to $165,000 per annum just on salaries. This would increase the burden on the taxpayers. (Morse, 2008) This point is also further supported by research conducted previously. (Martinez, Stuber, and Snider, 2006; Hugland, N. A. ; Guilderland Central School District Early Childhood Advisory Committee, 2008) The third disadvantage of full-day kindergarten is that it requires more staff and staff aides. Many articles stating the disadvantages of full day support this point. For example, in one article, it states that when there are half day sessions, one teacher can teach two sessions: one in the morning and one in the afternoon. However, if it is a full-day session, it requires more teachers to teach. They would also need more teacher aides. In the case where the kindergarten does not want to hire more teachers, they would expand each class and add in more teacher aides to balance the teacher-child ratio. In a study conducted at the Guilderland central school district, it also states that they would require more teachers to teach and balance the teacher-child ratio. (Early Childhood Advisory Committee, 2008). Besides these, there are a few more disadvantages to full day kindergartens. They include having more time at school and less time for ‘kids to be kids’. (Circele, 2009; Brower, 2013). It also includes teaching children academic and skills before they are ready for it. (Haglund, N. A. ; Morse, 2008) One of the articles found went on to explain that the kindergarten may teach too advanced skills for children instead of teaching them minor skills which are important. In summary, even though full-day seems like a good option for everyone, it does have its disadvantages. Benefits of Half Day Kindergartens Likewise, half-day school has its benefits. Firstly, half day kindergarten programs are less stressful. According to Walsh (2013), children would feel relaxed while trying to adjust to the structured classroom environment. Furthermore, they are able to make good transitions from kindergarten to first grade. Another source states that half-day programs are viewed as providing continuity and systematic experience with less probability of stress than full-day programs. (Rothenberg, 2009) Secondly, the children also receive the same quality of education as those in full day preschools or kindergartens. (Ast, 2010;Rothernberg, 2009) The children go through similar experiences but just that one is longer and the other is shorter. These show that there are other programs besides full day kindergartens which young chidren can benefit from. Conclusion In the context of Singapore, there isn’t much of an issue about half day versus full day kindergarten. This is because Singapore has mainly focused on half day kindergartens. Some of the reasons as to why that might be the case is similar to the disadvantages stated above. Just like in some parts of Canada and US, Singapore has limited space to set up full-day kindergarten and it requires more sources, equipment and etc. Singapore’s space is already limited in space and it requires more space for other more important things thus, it can’t be used just for kindergartens. Statistics have shown that 15% of Singapore’s land has been located for housing, 17% for recreational and community needs. The rest of the land is used for commerce, industry, infrastructure, utilities and transport and reservoirs, defense facilities and cemetery and undeveloped land. (Yearbook of Statistics Singapore, department of Statistics Singapore[online], 2012) This shows that there isn’t sufficient space to build more kindergartens or expand it. If Singapore was to expand or make kindergartens full day, it would require more teachers or teacher aides. There is also a lack in kindergarten teachers now. Recently, along the roads, many jobs offers for preschool teachers were noticed. This is also supported by a Strait Times article on 20 July 2012. It stated that there is already a shortage of teachers. (Vadaketh, 2012)Thus, if full day kindergartens were established, there would not be enough teachers. Depending on these reasons, I believe that full day kindergarten programs are not applicable really in Singapore. However, if you look at Singapore’s context carefully, full day kindergarten programs are somewhat similar to childcare programmes in Singapore. In this context, Singaporeans can choose what kind of schooling programs they want to send their child to. The kindergarten programmes are standardized by the Ministry of Education (MOE) to be 3 hours per session. (MOE,2013) As for Childcare, it is a full day program and is also available for half day on Saturdays. The two main factors determining which programme they would send their child to would be whether they are working and the cost of the programme. Parents of children these days are usually working adults. They do not have time to take care of their children because they are working. Thus, they would rather send them to childcares because it is more convenient and safe. If they were working and they send their child to half day kindergartens, they have to make other arrangements for their child so that the child would not be left alone. While full day kindergartens may be more convenient for working adults, half day schools (kindergartens) are cheaper. According to the list of kindergartens found on the Investmentfriend. com forum, the pricing ranges from as low as $80 to $500. However, the costs of childcare centres are about $700 and above, depending on the childcare. Thus, some parents might not be able to afford childcare and would send their child to half day kindergartens. Thus, all in all I believe that the choice of schooling depends on each family and individual if childcare was seen as an full day kindergarten program. References Clark, P. (2013). Recent research on all-day kindergarten | education. com. Retrieved from http://www. education. com/reference/article/Ref_Recent_Research_All/? Lamphere, M. (2009). Full day kindergarten. Retrieved from http://www. slideshare. net/lamph1ml/full-day-kindergarten Haglund, J. (n. d. ). Full-day kindergarten advantages disadvantages | early childhood. Retrieved from http://ec. dpi. wi. gov/ec_ecadflpg Morse, J. (2008). The disadvantages of all-day kindergarten yahoo! voices voice. yahoo. com. Retrieved from http://voices. yahoo. com/the-disadvantages-all-day-kindergarten-1337569. html? cat=25 Placek,C. (2012). No full daykindergarten for all in dist. 203 dailyherald. com. Retrieved from http://www. dailyherald. com/article/20121105/news/711059666/ Cuthbertson , R. , Herald, C. (2012). School promise under threat. Retrieved from http://www2. canada. com/calgaryherald/news/story. html? id=c1b76975-1366-45e4-9bc2d33d7a3ab1b6p=1 Brower, C. (2013). The cons of full-day kindergarten | ehow. com. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/info_8660784_cons-full-day-kindergarten-programs. html Guilderland Central School District Early Childhood Advisory Committee. (2009). Report on full-day kindergarten. Retrieved from http://www. guilderlandschools. org/district/boe/PDFs/reports/FDKPPT110508. pdf Ast, A. (2010). Half day vs full day kindergarten: Is there really a difference? yahoo! voices voices. yahoo. com. Retrieved from http://voices. yahoo. com/half-day-vs-full-day-kindergarten-there-really-6839874. html? cat=25 Walsh, K. (2013). Pros cons of half day kindergarten | ehow. com. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/info_8502607_pros-cons-halfday-kindergarten. html Kindergarten fees list. (2011). Retrieved from http://investmentfriend. com/forum/showthread. php/25-Kindergarten-Fees-List Vadaketh, S. T. (2012). Tackling preschool challenges in Singapore. The StraitTimes. Retrieved from http://ifonlysingaporeans. blogspot. sg/2012/07/tackling-preschool-challenges-in. html MOE. (2013). Ministry of education, Singapore education system: Pre-school Education. Retrieved from http://www. moe. gov. sg/education/preschool/.

Andrew Jackson :: Presidents essays research papers

Like any hall of fame, its inductees are the best in whatever they do, from baseball or football to something like being President. If you are a member of any hall of fame (including the one for the Presidents), it means that you have done something special or have a certain quality about yourself that makes you worthy to be in a hall of fame. My nominee for the Presidents hall of Fame is our seventh President of the United States, Andrew Jackson. I'll go over his presidency, focusing on both the highs and the lows of his two terms in office, from 1829-1837. The issues that I'll focus on are states' rights, nullification, the tariff, the spoils system, Indian removal and banking policies; these controversies brought forth strong rivalry over his years of president. He was known for his iron will and fiery personality, and strong use of the powers of his office that made his years of presidency to be known as the "Age of Jackson." Andrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767, in a settlement on the border of North and South Carolina. He was orphaned at age 14. After studying law and becoming a member of the Bar in North Carolina later he moved to Nashville Tennessee. Their he became a member of a powerful political faction led by William Blount. He was married in 1791 to Rachel Donelson Robards, and later remarried to him due to a legal mistake in her prior divorce in 1794. Jackson served as delegate to Tenn. in the 1796 Constitutional convention and a congressman for a year (from 1796-97). He was elected senator in 1797, but financial problems forced him to resign and return to Tennessee in less than a year. Later he served as a Tennessee superior court judge for six years starting in 1798. In 1804 he retired from the bench and moved to Nashville and devoted time to business ventures and his plantation. At this time his political career looked over. In 1814 Jackson was a Major General in the Tennessee Militia, here he was ordered to march against the Creek Indians (who were pro-British in the war of 1812). His goal was achieved at Horseshoe Bend in March of 1814. Eventually he forced All Indians from the area. His victory's impressed some people in Washington and Jackson was put in command of the defense of New Orleans. This show of American strength made Americans feel proud after a war filled with military defeats. Jackson was given the nickname "Old Hickory", and was treated as a national hero. In 1817 he was ordered against the Seminole Indians.

Scarcity of Water

Water scarcity involves water stress, water deficits, water shortage and water crisis. The concept of water stress is relatively new. Water stress is the difficulty of obtaining sources of fresh water for use, because of depleting resources. Some have presented maps showing the physical existence of water in nature to show nations with lower or higher volumes of water available for use. Others have related water availability to population. A popular approach has been to rank countries according to the amount of annual water resources available per person.For example, according to the Falkenmark Water Stress Indicator a country or region is said to experience â€Å"water stress† when annual water supplies drop below 1,700 cubic metres per person per year. At levels between 1,700 and 1,000 cubic metres per person per year, periodic or limited water shortages can be expected. When water supplies drop below 1,000 cubic metres per person per year, the country faces â€Å"water sca rcity† The United Nations' FAO states that by 2025, 1. billion people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stress conditionsThe World Bank adds that climate change could profoundly alter future patterns of both water availability and use,thereby increasing levels of water stress and insecurity, both at the global scale and in sectors that depend on waterAnother measurement, calculated as part of a wider assessment of water management in 2007,[6] aimed to relate water availability to how the resource was actually used.It therefore divided water scarcity into ‘physical’ and ‘economic’. Physical water scarcity is where there is not enough water to meet all demands, including that needed for ecosystems to function effectively. Arid regions frequently suffer from physical water scarcity. It also occurs where water seems abundant but where resources are over-committed, suc h as when there is overdevelopment of hydraulic infrastructure for irrigation. Symptoms of physical water scarcity include environmental degradation and declining groundwater. Water stress harms living things because every organism needs water to live.

Parental and Child Relationships in Great Expectations Essay

Discuss Dickens’ presentation of relationships between children and their parents/parental figures in ‘Great Expectations’. Dickens uses the relationships between children and their parental figures to explore the themes of belonging, as well as status and identity. Pip, the protagonist of the novel, has been identified as an orphan and never saw either of his parents. Instantly, this gives the reader an idea that Pip did not belong to a typical and perfect family and never had his actual parents look after him or contribute to his upbringing. We are told that instead, his sister brought him up ‘by hand’. This phrase has been used by Dickens repetitively in the novel in linking the two siblings together; the idea that it is emphasised may imply that Pip should in fact be grateful to his sister as she provided him with all that he needed, and that she has a certain power over him. Although they live in the same house and belong to the same family, Pip was aware that his sister was hugely superior to him and he ‘had no hope of deliverance through his (my) all powerful sister’. It is evident that although she acts as a motherly figure towards him, she possesses all the attributes of a scornful mother and does not allow Pip to forget that he owes his existence to her. It is also evident that she herself did not wish to bring him and ‘repulsed him (me) at every turn’. The description of Mrs.Joe as having a ‘hard and heavy hand’ and ‘laying it on her husband as well as upon me’, along with Pip’s description of her spreading butter on the bread in an ‘apothecary kind of way’ with aggressive verbs such as ‘slapping dexterity, sawed, and hewed’ tells the reader a great deal about her nature; in the household, she played the role of a man and an aggressive figure. The word choices also makes it clear that Pip thought of her as an almost intimidating figure in his life, despite Mrs.Joe being his sister and playing the role of his mother. Simply by the fact that he calls his own sister ‘Mrs.Joe’, it is clear that their relationship is very formal and is not built on any emotional basis. All these factors contribute to the understanding that Pip has a very disjointed family life and never belonged to an ideal household or had a much needed motherly figure as such present in his life. However, despite Pip’s relationship with his sister which was solely based on responsibility, he had a very positive relation with his brother-in-law, who consequently acted as a father to him. Dickens has uses juxtaposition of Joe to his wife to emphasise the difference in their characters and the way in which Pip views them. He describes Joe as a ‘mild, good natured, sweet-tempered, easy going, foolish dear fellow’, accentuating the good qualities Joe has and how well he thinks of him as opposed to his sister. Joe fulfils the role of a father for Pip in several ways and during the entirety of his life. In the first stages of Pip’s childhood, Joe protected him as much as he could from the wrath of his wife and tried to aid him in becoming a well mannered and respected young gentleman. Despite how Pip has treated him in his later life, Joe still remained with him and respected him as much; even after he had ‘turned to the worst point of his (my) illness, he (I) began to notice that while all its other features changed, this one consistent feature did not change’. Pip also describes Joe’s ‘tenderness’, despite his job as a blacksmith, ‘was so beautifully proportioned to his (my) needs, that he (I) was like a child in his hands’. This proves that Joe fully recognised his responsibility as a parental figure in Pip’s life and did everything he could to fulfil it, in comparison to his wife who felt that Pip was simply a burden in her life. Joe is also a character that Pip loves greatly. In chapter six, Pip says â€Å"But I loved Joe†¦ because the dear fellow let me love him†. This shows that in Pip’s early childhood, Joe is seen as an equal. This is most likely because both Joe and Pip suffer through the pain inflicted by Mrs Joe, and Joe is the only character in the book that shows love and affection for Pip. This can be observed in chapter seven, when Pip reveals â€Å"I had a new sensation of feeling conscious that I was looking up to Joe in my heart.† These quotations suggest that maybe Pip looks up to Joe and that Joe is Pip’s comrade and confidant. Pip also ‘treated him as a larger species of child, and as no more than my equal’; although this shows that they were both equal, it can be implied that Pip showed no respect for Joe in his fatherly figure. Pip had another fatherly figure in his life, through Magwitch. Upon discovering that Magwitch is his secret benefactor, Pip feels far from ecstatic. He had tried to forget the acts he committed as a young boy by aiding the convict in the marshes, and his conscience almost seems clear, before Magwitch re-enters Pip’s life. Although Pip’s becoming a gentleman may never have been possible without Magwitch’s generosity, he almost appears offended by the behaviour of his benefactor. Magwitch, on the other hand, is delighted to reveal himself to Pip, and states himself to be his ‘second father’; the way he ‘put away money, only for Pip (you) to spend’ and spent a very long time in attempting to ensure Pip’s position as a gentleman. The way Magwitch addresses Pip maked it obvious that he considers Pip to be his son, the son he never had; he has worked hard and escaped, risking his life to better that of Pip. However, Pip seems frustrated by this act Magwitch has committed. Most of his frustration seems to be because ‘it was for the convict,[†¦], that i had deserted Joe’. At this point he realises that he abandoned Joe in order to achieve his own selfish dreams of living amongst the upper classes and improving his position in society. Due to this abandonment, Magwitch begins to fill the void of a fatherly figure in Pip’s life, although he did so against Pip’s will in the beginning. It may also be implied that although Magwitch did become like a father to Pip due to being his benefactor, he did so for his own benefit and for the satisfaction of ‘owning’ someone who had achieved so much in life. There are several other children and parent relationships in the novel, but the relationships Pip has with people in his life are the most interesting in the way Dickens has presented them. It is clear that Dickens has tried to portray the themes of true belonging and love by using these relationships as they would not be what one would typically expect. Pip, who has a blood relationship with Mrs.Joe, only shares a very formal and minimal relationship with her. She does not like having the responsibility of Pip, and Pip is left to deal with her anger. Joe and Magwitch on the other hand, protect and help Pip in his life due to the love and respect they have for him, despite not being related to him directly. Joe is also the only character who stays faithful to Pip the entire time, despite not sharing a birth relationship with him. This emphasises the theme of belonging and goes to show that through these relationships, Dickens has put across the idea that relationships built on love, respect and commitment are worth more than blood relationships in general.

201603 ASSESSMENT A Essays - Education, Writing, Bibliography

201603 ASSESSMENT A Essays - Education, Writing, Bibliography ILSC Mac100 Assessment A : Research and Referencing (10%) For this assessment you are required to demonstrate your ability to: Undertake some research Write a short essay Paraphrase, summarise and quote correctly Use in-text citations Write a reference list TASK: Write a short essay, of between 1000 and 1 3 00 words COMPARING TWO WELL-KNOWN PEOPLE or TWO WELL-KNOWN ORGANISATIONS which you are interested in (sport, politics, business, fashion) Examples: Mourinho Guardiola Federer Nadal Clinton Trump Conservative Labour Zara and HM Oxfam Unicef Etc etc Your essay should be well-organised, so you should PLAN how you will compare them throughout the essay. e.g You might divide the essay into similarities and differences Or different paragraphs could focus on different aspects ( e.g childhood, major achievements , wealth / profit, future plans etc ) In your final statement, you should indicate what we can learn from these people You must use between 4 and 8 sources . Try and use a variety of sources (e.g. 1 youtube video , 1 online newspaper, 2 websites). Your sources should be appropriate for the task (critical reading: relevant, reliable, up-to-date etc - NOT Wikipedia!!) All the information should be PARAPHRASED (unless it is appropriate to use direct quotes). BE CAREFUL - WITH THIS TASK IT IS TEMPTING TO JUST COPY-PASTE!! Remember: when you are researching, use the reading techniques (skim, scan, intensive) APPROPRIATELY Your essay should be structured appropriately and must include in-text citations and a reference list. Your main ideas should be supported with specific examples and/or statistics as appropriate You must submit your essay onto TURNITIN The deadline for submission is: Late submission will be penalised (the maximum mark for late submissions will be the pass mark, 60%) Marks will be awarded as follows: Referencing Accuracy of the reference list (using the Harvard System as appears in the ARU guide to referencing) Accuracy of in-text referencing and direct quote(s) 10 Content There must be a COMPARISON throughout the essay. You must support the main ideas with EVIDENCE 10 Structure Intro/ main body/ conclusion Cohesion between paragraphs 5 Use of English (vocab, grammar, punctuation) *you will only be graded on your own words!! 5

Six Rules for Making Subjects and Verbs Agree

Six Rules for Making Subjects and Verbs Agree Six Rules for Making Subjects and Verbs Agree Six Rules for Making Subjects and Verbs Agree By Michael If you want to write proper English, you have to follow a rule called subject-verb agreement. That means that if the subject is plural (ducks), then the verb needs to be plural (quack). If the subject is singular (duck) then the verb needs to be singular (quacks). This issue is not as picky and unimportant as you might think. Traditionally, American novelists who wanted to show that a character was uneducated would give them dialog with incorrect subject-verb agreement: Waall, we is just gonna have to ride after them, aint we? or But suh, dey tells me not to do dat! It could be worse. If you spoke Basque, the object would have to agree with the subject too. In many languages, such as French, pronouns and nouns, even inanimate objects, have gender, and they have to agree with each other too. In proper Turkish, some vowels need to agree. Notice that English verbs, unlike nouns, usually dont become plural by adding s. In fact, many singular, present-tense verbs end with s, while many plural verbs dont exactly the opposite of nouns. More than anything else, sentences that begin with several nouns tend to fool people. Here are some rules to guide you into what you should do with them: Two singular subjects connected with and are plural, and need a plural verb. For example, which is correct: My mother and my father are visiting me or My mother and my father is visiting me? After all, its correct to say My father is visiting me. But two parents together are plural, not singular, so you need to use are. Of course, a plural subject combined with a singular subject is still plural, and you would use a plural verb. For example, this is correct: The general and his advisers are responsible for the decision. To make it less confusing, we put the plural subject last, closest to the verb. Two singular subjects connected with the conjunctions or or nor need a singular verb. For example, My mother or my father is going to call me today is correct, because only one of them will be calling. It works the same way with andor and neithernor: Neither my mother nor my father is going to call me today. If one of the subjects is plural, use a plural verb: The general or his advisers are responsible for the decision. Again, we put the plural subject last, closest to the verb. Dont get distracted if theres another phrase between the subject and the verb. For example, you should say My sister, along with her children, is visiting me next month; even though you would say My sister and her daughters are visiting me next month. The verb needs to agree with the subject, not with other nouns that happen to precede the verb. Words such as either, neither, everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody, someone, none or each, are singular and need a singular verb. As we just said, dont be fooled if a singular subject is followed by plural nouns. For example, when you write each of my daughters, make sure the verb agrees with the singular subject each instead of the plural noun daughters. And the singular subject everyone who knows my daughters should be followed by the singular predicate is impressed by them, not are impressed by them. On the other hand, fractions or portions of a plural noun are still plural. Often these are expressed with prepositional phrases: most of the students or half of the campus. Use a singular verb if the object of the preposition is singular, but a plural verb if its plural. For example, write Some of the students are wealthy, and Half of the campus is covered with trees. Time and money are singular. Yes, five is plural, and the word yards is plural, but you would write Five yards is all I need to finish my sewing project. Notice that many of these rules are really just warnings to look carefully at the sentences you write. Once you know that subjects and verbs need to agree, and you know what counts as the subject and what doesnt, you are on your way to sounding more educated. Subject-Verb Agreement Quiz In each sentence, choose the correct form of the verb. 1. Either Jack or the children ___ too loud. is are 2. Everyone ____ chocolate. loves love 3. My sister, along with her children, ___ visiting me next month. is are 4. Neither my mother nor my father ___ going to call me today. are is Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowHomogeneous vs. Heterogeneous50 Musical Terms Used in Nonmusical Senses

A genetically modified organism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A genetically modified organism - Research Paper Example Thus, in this paper I am going to examine the process of GMO production and storage in order to assess the risks connected with their consumption. Genetically modified organisms are organisms (bacteria, viruses, plants, animals) which genetics was changed in order for acquiring new functions. As genes are responsible for carrying the information in the sequences and structures of DNA, they define special characteristics of the organisms. Advances of biotechnology now permit to extract, change, and add various genes to the organisms. It is even possible to transfer genes between non-related organisms. Most often scientists add some genes to plants in order to make them stable to certain viruses (GMOs, 2010). Genetically modified organisms are used in medicine, agriculture, biology, textile production. Usually when people start speaking about genetically modified organisms they mean genetically modified crops which have become a part of everyday life of the consumers in the world. Tobacco was the first plant which received additional genes to resist herbicides. Later it was modified to be capable to resist insects and the ripening qualities of the crops were also changed. In 1995 Food and Drug Administration approved commercial usage of GM potato, corn, soya, and tomato, and the variety of plants with additional genes increase significantly (Swanson, 2013). People usually underestimate the quantity of GM crops that they consume. However, by the end of 2012 more than 144 kinds of plants received access to the market in the United States of America. So an impressive part of the crops consumed by Americans in the following years were genetically modified: according to the statistics of USDA 93% of all soy, 88 % of all corn, and 94% of cotton (Swanson, 2013). Today such products as tomatoes and cantaloupes with advanced ripening characteristics, beets and soybeans with improved herbicides

In what ways could a researcher manage and organize the data Essay

In what ways could a researcher manage and organize the data - Essay Example Study notes can also be created to summarize the important aspects of the data without perusing the entire data another time. To avert a confusion in organizing data, researchers can develop a method of cataloging that categorizes data in a unique way that the researcher understands (Polit & Beck, 2010). The motive is to ease retrieval of the data and identify any missing information that would be relevant in the analysis section. Loss of data is a common issue in qualitative approaches, thus, cataloguing documents can reduce these losses. The catalogue is then stored in a safe place awaiting analysis. Despite the complexities associated with qualitative data, the above discussion proves that researchers can control and manage qualitative data. An efficient sorting and filing system is all a researcher needs to sort out information, detect missing information and also ease the retrieval of the information for

The Australian Welfare State from 1945 to 1996 Essay

The Australian Welfare State from 1945 to 1996 - Essay Example An overview of the history shows the different changes that were taken place by different governments from 1945 to 1996. Furthermore, Post-World War period and then the starting of Vietnam War in 1962 also hindered progress for the country. However, the major change that can be outlined would be the social reforms that were being taken place by various governments. On the basis of that we can say, while income inequality fell in the 1950s, and a bit in the 1970s, it was high during 1980s and 1990s (Leigh, 2005). 1950s was considered a golden period for Australia. Along with positive reforms carried out by Menzie’s government, Australia was rising from the after-effects of World War II and the economic and political environment looked much better, soon after the Vietnam War started and the political scenario again disproved. So we can say the causes of income inequality in the region could be many. It was more like a case of one thing led to another. Let’s classify these into two major changes that became the basis of the rising disparity of income. 1. Political and Economic Distress: The main reason was the political turmoil the country was going through. This would include: †¢ The declining power of unions, †¢ Less progressive taxes and income redistribution, †¢ The rise of technology (both in reducing the number of lower-skill jobs and in increasing the incomes of higher skill ones). †¢ The increasing trend of Globalization. Globalization exacerbates income inequality (Gaston & Rajaguru, 2009).

Characteristics of a Capitalist Society

Characteristics of a Capitalist Society Title: What social, economic or cultural characteristics define a society as capitalist? Which characteristics have held constant, and which been transformed, in the period since the late 18th century? According to sources, it was William Makepeace Thackeray who initially applied the notion of ‘capitalism’ in 1854 to define the ownership of capital. Throughout the history, the term capitalism has been closely associated with other related notions, including: market capitalism, laissez-faire (pure capitalism), economic liberalism, private enterprise etc[1]. Capitalism transformed feudalism in the Western world, namely Britain, from where it had flourished throughout Europe predetermining economic, cultural and political developments of the then society. Later, over the 19th and 20th centuries, capitalism formed the grounds of industrialization[2]. Nevertheless, namely the eighteenth century became crucial in the foundation of capitalism concept after the first economic school was established in Britain. The school has produced much of the fundamental thought in the field of classical political economy supported by the invaluable contributions of David Ricardo, Adam Smit h, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Baptiste Say et al who thoroughly researched various ways goods were produced, distributed and exchanged under market conditions. Namely, those classical thoughts have set the foundations of the contemporary perception of capitalism[3]. During the 18th century the concept of capitalism was much commercialized and dominated by merchants. Consequently, by the end of 18th century, mercantilism was in dire straits since mercantile activity could not longer provide sufficient resources to maintain military expenditures of those states that depended on commerce. The subsequent industrial revolution was another driving force that had intensified the crisis since the new industrializing countries were questioning the true value of mercantilist practices. In the course of the industrial revolution, merchants were replaced by industrialists to dominate the capitalist system and diminish the roles of conventional handicraft labourers, including guilds, artisans and journeymen. Other effects involved the advancement of bourgeoisie as a dominant social class as well as immense mechanization of agriculture. Being the center of the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century, Great Britain made a considerable influence on the ne w perception of traditional mercantilist doctrines through the works of economic theorists who claimed that the global wealth was constant and only states were able to increase their own wealth at the account of other (weaker) states. According to Marx, since the last third of the 18th century industrial capitalism should be associated with the following factors: (1) development of the factory system wherein manufacturing was based on the complex division and exploitation of labor within work processes; (2) routine designation of work duties; and (3) the overall dominance of the capitalist mode of production[4]. In the mid-18th century, French physiocrat David Hume much contributed to the promotion of free trade as well as the concept of land as the main source of wealth. Later on, in 1759 Franà §ois Quesnay outlined further features of capitalism in his Tableau Économique, wherein he provided the first ever analytical description of the economy, having predetermined the grounds for the economic theory forwarded by physiocrats. These critical views were strongly supported by Anne Robert Jacques Turgot who advocated free trade in contrast to customs duties and tariff. More precisely, Richard Cantillon featured the notion of long-run equilibrium being the balance of income flows, pointed out the dependence between land and prices, and the impact supply and demand had on short-term prices[5]. 1776 marked the appearance of Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations wherein the economist defended his standpoint regarding natural liberty system and fiercely opposed mercantilism. At this point, according to economic theorists, the roots of classical political economy were put down. Specifically, the economist forwarded a couple of capitalism-related concepts that are of great theoretical and empirical importance today. For instance, Smith’s ‘invisible hand’ theory of the market indicates that individual interest is a core prerequisite of collective social good (wealth). While forwarding his liberal economic concepts favoring free markets, Smith was vehemently opposed by the sentiments of then domineering mercantilist society[6]. In particular, Smith severely criticized all forms of state intervention in the economy, as well as restrictions imposed by a state including duties and tariffs, and monopolies, on the other hand. At that he held a strong view that market alone was able to fairly redistribute all the available resources. More than that, Smith advocated retaliatory tariffs as indispensable part of free trade, wherein patents and copyrights encouraged innovation[7]. In a while, Smith’s views were supported by David Ricardo the author of the economic law of comparative advantage forwarded in 1817 in The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, explaining mutual benefits of trade between the parties, regardless all possible economic differences between them. Thus, the notion of free trade was proven. Guided by the Say’s Law, Ricardo emphasized on the significance of full employment enabling a competitive economy with normal equilibrium[8]. Furthermore, Ricardo advocated strong interrelation between the changes in credit and monetary quantities and inflation, and emphasized on the diminishing returns highlighting the interdependence of additional inputs and outputs[9]. Following Smith’s ideas, Karl Marx clearly differentiated the use and exchange value of commodities in the market. Hence, Marx perceived capital as the value created through the purchase of commodities in order to create new commodities which exchange value would exceed the amount of initial purchases. Moreover, Marx considered the use of labor force featured by certain exchange value (i.e. wage) as a sufficient commodity in the capitalist society. Though, according to Marx, the value of labour force has always been less compared to the value potentially gained by the capitalist out of its use. Such principle difference, as Marx argues, creates surplus value extracted and accumulated in the capitalist society. Marx’s fundamental work is named Capital, where he clearly distinguished the capitalist mode of production. Precisely, to provide a relevant evidence Marx explained how the surplus was extracted by the capital owners from workers through the sale-value of produced commodities[10]. In due respect, Marx claimed that namely surplus value extraction laid the grounds for a struggle between the classes. Thus, Marx considered labour as the primary source of profit. In addition to this, Marx held a strong opinion regarding an exploited labor as the driving force that could revolutionize socialist-style economies. Herewith, the analysis of Marxian thinking assumes that centrally-planned economies mainly established in the former communist societies to a great extent reflected the features of state capitalism through the exploitation of labor force. Subsequently, in 1916 Vladimir Lenin transformed the notion of Marxian capitalism into imperialism claiming monopoly capitalism as the highest stage of capitalism society in his Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism[11]. The German Historical School provided fresh insight into the perception of capitalism as the efficient system that supplied markets with production. In such a way, this approach highlighted the core difference between capitalism and previous modes of economic activity since capitalism assumed principal shift from medieval restrictions imposed on money and credit to the monetary economy emphasizing on the profit. Another prominent thinker that influenced the understanding of distinguishing characteristics of capitalism in the 19th century was Max Weber, German social theorist. Weber mainly concentrated on market exchange conversely to production, as the main distinguishing characteristic of capitalism. At that, he pointed out that within the capitalist mode enterprises focused on the rationalization of production by maximizing productivity and efficiency[12]. In his fundamental work 1904-1905 The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Weber traced the way capitalism transforme d previous economic systems. For this purpose, the theorist highlighted the ‘spirit of capitalism’ particular to Puritan comprehension of human laboring. Weber deemed that a devotion to God helped the Puritans to lay the foundations of the then economic mode. Compared to Marx, Weber regarded capitalism in a broader perspective rather than merely a result caused by the alterations in the means of production[13]. Therefore, capitalism, from Weber’s viewpoint, was the advanced economic system that had ever been developed throughout human evolution. In particular, Weber identified the following distinguishing characteristics particular to capitalism: public credit, corporate business, and expansion of bureaucracy. Being opposed to socialist remarks against capitalism, Weber himself criticized the very economic system as one that posed threat to the conventional cultural values shared by the society as well as the one that constrained human freedom. Namely, Weber much criticized ‘spiritless specialists’ and ‘heartless hedonists’ who had nothing in common with the genuine Puritan spirit particular to capitalism[14]. During 1930-s, John Maynard Keynes had a tremendous influence on the notion of capitalism and the role of monetary policy. The British economist emphasized on the important functions of monetary policy within economic policy. In his The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money 1937 he argued that capitalism was not able to fully recover from the slowdowns in investment. At that, Keynes claimed that the economic mode particular to the capitalist society could sustain its indefinite equilibrium even in spite of high unemployment. At that, during the 1930s Keynesian approach to economics assumed that laissez-faire capitalist economics was self-sufficient and did not need any intervention from a state to cut down unemployment or boost aggregate demand. Furthermore, Keynes suggested ‘pump-priming’ approach to save the economy from recession in the period of economic down-turn, which involved increase in government borrowing and spending as well as cutting-down taxes. In such a way, Keynes put forward his idea of cutting real wages through the system of their control from the state and deterring from holding money during inflation[15]. This indicates that Keynes much favored state regulation as an effective tool to eliminate economic slowdown. Actually, Keynesian policies enabled the capitalism recovery afterwards the state of the Great Depression[16]. The contemporary academic research on the concept of capitalism is largely grounded on neoclassical economics and the relevant approaches developed by the Chicago School. The modern perception of capitalism therefore favors neutral government regulation and coordination of markets with the focus being placed on property rights’ maintenance; deregulation of labor markets; promotion of corporate governance by private owners; development of transparent financial systems with capital market-based financing in their core. According to Milton Friedman, active follower of Adam Smith’s thinking, under the conditions of free competition social responsibility makes up an indispensable part of any business activity and profit-making. In such a way, Friedman shows how self-interest can benefit the entire society in the modern economic conditions[17]. The major distinctive features of capitalist society were pointed out throughout the 20th century while experts compared and contrasted due system with the centrally planned economic system. In due respect, capitalism has always enabled consumers with free choice, while producers were able to satisfy a consumer demand. By contrast, in the planned economies the production was entirely controlled and directed by a hierarchically-led state policy. Thus, capitalism alone has achieved sufficient delivery of goods and services through the privatization of previously state-owned means of production and infrastructural objects. In addition to this, the notion of capitalism is closely associated with the abolishment of subsidies and free trade wherein capitalist society is prone to perform both rational and irrational actions that are often unpredictable. Namely the last quarter of the 20th century clearly indicated the increasing ability of people and capital to mobilize. Globalization alone has opened a new avenue for the development of both capitalist and non-capitalist models. Today, capitalism is regarded by many as world system featured by all the peculiarities of capitalist trade. Analysts state that such perception of capitalism dates back to the early 20th century imperialism. Following the same fashion, imperialistic policies emphasized on the promotion of capitalistic principles of free trade among countries. Taking the abovementioned features of the contemporary capitalism into account, it is noteworthy that along with many positive effects global capitalism has caused the state of global inequality in income rates, social security, access to strategic resources, and redistribution of world capital. In due respect, since the times of the Industrial Revolution there have been considerable changes boosted by economic growth in such areas as life expectancy, access to educational resources and information and communication technologies, literacy, infant mortality, child labor etc. By and large, global capitalist economy has been dramatically shifted b y the invention and fast application of telecommunications within the last thirty years. Information and communication technologies such as computers, Internet and cell phones have enabled most of the business transactions in virtually any part of the globe[18]. Overall, capitalism promotes economic growth and social standard of living measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP). According to Adam Smith, free market alone allocates necessary resources and controls production and price, which is particular to the contemporary world capitalist system. Furthermore, capitalist economy, if compared to conventional economic systems and feudal or socialist societies, provides vast opportunities to raise individual income while engaging in new professions or launching private business ventures, for example. As Milton Friedman puts it, competitive capitalism leads to economic freedom and subsequently to the political one where there is no place for the centralized control of economic activity or political repression from the state. Conversely, the variety of market economy transactions causes wide diversity of activities and/or their free choice. In accordance with John Maynard Keynes and Friedrich Hayek, capitalism is a reflection of economic freedom w hich is essential for social survival and development[19]. Thus, many capitalism supporters claim that namely the decentralized system of coordination is the most powerful feature of capitalism. Particularly, the decentralization of economic processes leads to free competition and optimal solutions to the arising challenges. Even the slightest control from then state, according to the Austrian School thinkers, can potentially cause serious inefficiencies since economy then becomes unpredictable in the long-term perspective. One of the major causes of the Great Depression, for instance, was the immense interventionist policy led by the Federal Reserve. Despite such positive views on capitalism, throughout its long evolution this economic concept was fiercely criticized by namely left-oriented proponents. 19th century conservatives, for instance, regarded particular characteristics of capitalism such as commodity production and free market exchange as potential threats to religious and cultural traditions. Other critics associated capitalism with the spread of negligence, corruption, and many other socio-economic problems. Socialists, for example, strived for the state regulation of capitalism rather than its abolishment. Throughout centuries, much of criticism has been received from religious leaders who fiercely opposed the materialist side of capitalism. From a religious viewpoint, it would rather be mixed economy that could meet the demands of society and ensure economic justice. For the most part, critics point out at negative features of capitalism including: inefficient and unfair distribution of power and wealth; monopolisti c tendencies of businesses and corporations; signs of cultural and economic exploitation of cheap and unskilled labour force (including children and/or old people); social alienation, unemployment, economic instability, and inequality to name a few. Nowadays, however, we understand capitalism as an economic system that assumes private ownership and control of wealth and the means of its production. In due respect, state ownership bears limited relation to the essence of capitalism. Both private individuals (entrepreneurs) and companies (corporations and small and medium-sized enterprises) own, operate, and trade capital and labor, as well as other resources for the sake of profit-making. In the contemporary conditions, capitalism is an indispensable component of market economy which entirely excludes any government intervention in the transactions that involve investments, income, distribution, production, pricing and supply of goods and services etc. Furthermore, labour as such is a distinguishing feature that characterizes capitalism in the contemporary conditions of fierce competition. Based on appropriate knowledge and skills, human resources are viewed as the most valuable asset by the majority of employers. Herewith, marke t rules make up a regulatory framework that determines economic developments in the contemporary capitalist state. In most instances, the role of a state is limited to the provision of relevant infrastructure and public goods. This indicates that economic developments are predominantly grounded on the so-called ‘laissez-faire’ principle envisaging a minimum state intervention into the economy. Consequently, the contemporary notion of capitalism highlights the ultimate importance of the control over the means of production by private owners wherein the state role is mainly limited to the protection of property rights. However, such conclusion would be correct only from the pure capitalism viewpoint. By and large, the well-developed contemporary economies present a mixture of public and private ownership and therefore are reasonably referred to as the capitalist mixed economies, where both private capital and state serve their particular roles. In its essence, classical p olitical economy has been strongly interrelated with classical liberal doctrine assuming minimum economic intervention on the part of government. At that economic and social realms were clearly distinguished, wherein state could provide necessary public goods and services[20]. Reference list Bellamy, R. 2003, The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. Cambridge University Press Burnham, P. 2003, Capitalism: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Oxford University Press. Calhoun, C. 2002. Capitalism: Dictionary of the Social Sciences. Oxford University Press. Edgell, S. 2006, The Sociology of Work: Continuity and Change in Paid and Unpaid Work. London: Sage, Ch 1. Erhardt, E. History of Economic Development, Lindner Center Auditorium, Cincinnati. Evans, P. 1997, The Eclipse of the State? Reflections on Stateness in an Era of Globalization. World Politics 50 (1): 62–87. Friedman, M. 1970, The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits, The New York Times Magazine. Hunt, E. 2002, History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective. M.E. Sharpe Kumar, K. 1978, Prophecy and Progress, London Penguin. Ch. 3. Lane J. Ersson, S. 2002, Government and the Economy: A Global Perspective. Continuum International Publishing Group. Saunders, P. 1995, Capitalism. University of Minnesota Press. Skousen, M, 2001, The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great Thinkers. M.E. Sharpe Wheen, F. 2006, Books That Shook the World: Marxs Das Kapital1st ed. London: Atlantic Books 1 Footnotes [1] K Kumar 1978, Prophecy and Progress, London Penguin. Ch. 3. [2] P Saunders, 1995. Capitalism. University of Minnesota Press. p. 1 [3] M Skousen 2001, The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great Thinkers. M.E. Sharpe [4] S Edgell 2006, The Sociology of Work: Continuity and Change in Paid and Unpaid Work. London: Sage, Ch 1. [5] M Skousen 2001, The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great Thinkers. M.E. Sharpe [6] E Hunt 2002, History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective. M.E. Sharpe [7] P Burnham 2003, Capitalism: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Oxford University Press. [8] M Skousen 2001, The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great Thinkers. M.E. Sharpe [9] C Calhoun 2002. Capitalism: Dictionary of the Social Sciences. Oxford University Press. [10] F Wheen 2006, Books That Shook the World: Marxs Das Kapital1st ed. London: Atlantic Books [11] E Erhardt, History of Economic Development, Lindner Center Auditorium, Cincinnati. [12] Erhardt (Ibid). [13] Erhardt (Ibid). [14] Erhardt (Ibid). [15] Erhardt (Ibid). [16] M Friedman 1970, The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits, The New York Times Magazine. [17] Friedman (Ibid). [18] P Evans 1997, The Eclipse of the State? Reflections on Stateness in an Era of Globalization. World Politics 50 (1): 62–87. [19] R Bellamy 2003, The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. Cambridge University Press [20] J Lane S Ersson, 2002, Government and the Economy: A Global Perspective. Continuum International Publishing Group.